Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Schematic representation of the tracking schemes implemented for the processing of the Galileo E6-B signal. A single Kalman filter replaces the standard code and tracking loop filters, which are represented with dashed lines
- FIGURE 2
Different tracking stages and example of operations implemented in the KF Matlab software receiver. a) Different tracking stages including the decision logic to transit between the different stages. b) Normalized code and carrier Doppler highlighting the transition to KF tracking
- FIGURE 3
Empirical pdfs of the carrier discriminator outputs at low C/N0 conditions. a) Costas loop discriminator without noncoherent integrations and pure pilot PLL. b) Extended Costas loop with 20 noncoherent integrations
- FIGURE 4
Carrier and code discriminator output variances as a function of the input C/N0. The empirical variances were estimated using the data collected during the hardware simulator test described in Section 6
- FIGURE 5
Schematic representation of the tracking schemes implemented for the processing of the Galileo E6-C pilot signal. A single Kalman filter replaces the standard code and tracking loop filters, which are represented with dashed lines
- FIGURE 6
Details of the simulated and live static tests:(upper left side) USRP X310 and the external OCXO used to collect the baseband data;(right side) Spirent GSS9000 simulator used to simulate E6 signals with decreasing C/N0 levels;(lower left side) High geodetic antenna placed in proximity of buildings producing signal multipath
- FIGURE 7
Views of the experimental setup used for the dynamic test: (upper left side) Internal view of the van with the USRP 2, connected to an external rubidium clock, and the COTS receiver; (upper right side) External view of the van with the high geodetic antenna mounted on the roof;(lower left and right sides) Views of the environment selected for the dynamic test. The path is characterized by the presence of tall trees with rich foliage and sporadic buildings
- FIGURE 8
C/N0 values obtained using the simulated data collected with the USRP X310 front end and processed using different tracking strategies
- FIGURE 9
Normalized carrier and code Doppler for data-only standard tracking (upper left side), data-only KF tracking with 1 ms integration time (lower left side), pilot-only KF with 1 ms integration (upper right side), and data-only KF with 20 ms integration time (lower right side)
- FIGURE 10
a) C/N0 time series extracted from the COTS receiver for the static test under multipath. Frequent loss of lock is observed on signal from PRN 2. b) Page reception map indicating the number of errors per E6-B page as function of time. White areas indicate the corresponding E6-B pages were not provided
- FIGURE 11
C/N0 time series estimated using different tracking strategies for the static test under multipath. Signal from PRN 2
- FIGURE 12
BER obtained from the COTS receiver for PRN 2 and 27
- FIGURE 13
BER and SER (PRN 2) estimated with the SDR receiver and data-only KF tracking with 20 noncoherent integrations
- FIGURE 14
C/N0 time series obtained from the COTS receiver (dashed red lines) and data-only KF tracking with 20 ms integration time (continuous line) for the dynamic test
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