Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Summary of observations for BDS-2 satellites, where green indicates good observations, blue and yellow indicate missing WHU and GFZ precise ephemerides respectively, black means the absence of PCEs, and red indicates no BCE. Note: the satellite C018 switched its PRN from C17 to C03 on 2018/09/29, and C017 switched its PRN from C15 to C13 on 2016/10/11
- FIGURE 2
Summary of observations for BDS-3 satellites, where green indicates good observations, black means missing PCE, and red indicates the absence of BCEs. Note: the satellites C18 and C31 are outside the nominal BDS-3 constellation
- FIGURE 3
The percentages of missing BCE and PCE products for BDS-2 satellites
- FIGURE 4
The percentages of missing BCE and PCE products for BDS-3 satellites
- FIGURE 5
Geometric method to calculate the IURE
- FIGURE 6
Graphical illustration of the SIS fault definitions
- FIGURE 7
Graphical depiction of the FCDF overbounding concept
- FIGURE 8
Bounding the user-grid UREs for C09 under different fault definitions, where the green shadow indicates the “nominal” distribution to be bounded
- FIGURE 9
Radial (R), along-track (a), cross-track (c), clock, and the maximum projected error distributions in the form of FCDF for various satellites
- FIGURE 10
The profiles of various types of SIS faults observed in the dataset
- FIGURE 11
Orbit and clock errors when a fault occurs in C11 (MEO)
- FIGURE 12
Subsatellite points of C11 when it is under faulted conditions, where black indicates clock faults, red denotes orbit faults, and the green curve shows the dark zone
- FIGURE 13
The estimated values of URA and fault probability (P) for BDS-2 GEO satellites under Definition b
- FIGURE 14
The estimated values of URA and fault probability (P) for BDS-2 IGSO satellites, where the black dashed lines indicate Definition a and the red solid lines denote Definition b
- FIGURE 15
The estimated values of URA and fault probability (P) for BDS-2 MEO satellites, where the black dashed lines indicate Definition a and the red solid lines denote Definition b
- FIGURE 16
The estimated values of URA and fault probability (P) for BDS-3 satellites, where the black dashed lines indicate Definition a and the red solid lines denote Definition b
- FIGURE 17
URA values of various satellites, where triangles indicate Definition a and circles denote Definition b
- FIGURE 18
Fault probabilities for various satellites, where triangles indicate Definition a and circles denote Definition b
- FIGURE 19
Estimated fault rates for BDS-2 and BDS-3 satellites
- FIGURE 20
Estimated MTTN for BDS-2 satellites, where triangles indicate Definition a and circles denote Definition b
- FIGURE 21
The fault sources of BDS-2 satellites, where the bottom indicates clock and the top denotes orbit
- FIGURE 22
The relative frequency histogram of the maximum magnitudes of BDS-2 SIS faults
- FIGURE A1
Anomaly detection for C01 in the absence of PCEs (threshold: 10 meters)
- FIGURE A2
The number of samples as a function of AODC
- FIGURE A3
The number of samples as a function of AODE
- FIGURE A4
The standard deviation of clock errors as a function of AODC
- FIGURE A5
The standard deviation of radial errors as a function of AODE
- FIGURE A6
The standard deviation of along-track errors as a function of AODE
- FIGURE A7
The standard deviation of cross-track errors as a function of AODE
- FIGURE A8
The maximum projected error (MPE) time series for each satellite
- FIGURE A9
Radial (R), along-track (A), cross-track (C), and clock error distributions of BDS satellites. Please note, the x-axis is limited to ±30 meters for BDS-2 and ±6 meters for BDS-3
Tables
- TABLE 1
Calculation of time group delay corrections (J. Guo, personal communication, August 1, 2020)
Organization Time span Reference point Correction GFZ All B1I+B2I IF 
Until DOY 365, 2018 B1I+B2I IF WHU Since DOY 001, 2019 B1I+B3I IF Note:
, , and are the frequencies of B1I, B2I, and B3I, respectively.
Satellite type AODE (%) < 1 (1, 6] (6, 24] >24 GEO 99.91 0.09 0.00 0.00 IGSO 84.00 15.70 0.30 0.00 MEO 38.10 25.01 36.65 0.24 BDS-3 95.77 3.65 0.52 0.06 Satellite type AODC (%) ≤ 1 (1, 6] (6, 24] >24 GEO 98.61 1.33 0.06 0.00 IGSO 74.91 24.15 0.94 0.00 MEO 20.49 24.13 54.55 0.83 BDS-3 96.35 3.11 0.54 0.00 Satellite type URAI (%) 0 1 2 >2 GEO 2.22 0.00 97.78 0.00 IGSO 0.92 0.00 99.08 0.00 MEO 0.09 0.00 99.91 0.00 BDS-3 0.08 0.00 99.92 0.00 Satellite type GEO IGSO MEO BDS-3 Frequency (%) 1.30 0.63 3.16 0.61 θ grid (°) 8.73 10 15 ··· 90 GEO/IGSO Φ grid (°) 0 10 20 ··· 350 MEO θ grid (°) 13.18 15 20 ··· 90 Φ grid (°) 0 10 20 ··· 350 toc tom Clock bias (s) Clock drift (s/s) Clock drift rate (s/s2) Health AODC 05:00:00 05:00:00 1.270088832825e-04 –1.6722623286Ue-11 –L.38777878078Le-L7 0 18 06:00:00 06:00:00 1.269486965612e-04 –1.693312157158e-11 –1.387778780781e-17 0 19 06:00:00 06:02:30 1.269486965612e-04 –L.6933L2L57L58e-LL –L.38777878078Le-L7 1 19 07:00:00 07:00:00 1.270910724998e-04 –L.L57740570079e-LL 0.000000000000e+00 1 0 07:00:00 07:02:00 1.270910724998e-04 –L.L57740570079e-LL 0.000000000000e+00 0 0
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- 1 INTRODUCTION
- 2 DATASETS AND SISRE EVALUATION METHODOLOGY
- 3 ANOMALIES: DETECTION AND PROBABILITY DETERMINATION
- 4 NOMINAL PERFORMANCE: SIS URE ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
- 5 BDS SISRE BEHAVIORS AND DISCUSSIONS
- 6 CONCLUSIONS
- HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- APPENDIX A
- APPENDIX B
- APPENDIX C
- Footnotes
- REFERENCES
- Figures & Data
- Supplemental
- References
- Info & Metrics
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