WAAS and the Ionosphere – A Historical Perspective: Monitoring Storms

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Abramowitz, M. &
   2. Stegun, I. E.

   (Eds.). (1972). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. National Bureau of Standards.
2. ↵
   1. Balch, C.,
   2. Biesecker, D.,
   3. Combs, L.,
   4. Crown, M.,
   5. Doggett, K.,
   6. Kunches, J.,
   7. Singer, H. &
   8. Zezula, D.

   (2004). Halloween space weather storms of 2003 (Technical Memorandum OAR SEC-88). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3. ↵
   1. Blanch, J.

   (2002). An ionosphere estimation algorithm for WAAS based on Kriging. Proc. of the 15th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2002), Portland, OR, 816–823. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=2085
4. ↵
   1. Blanch, J.

   (2003). Using kriging to bound satellite ranging errors due to the ionosphere [Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/theses/JuanBlanchThesis03.pdf
5. 1. Blanch, J. &
   2. Walter, T.

   (2002). Application of spatial statistics to ionosphere estimation for WAAS. Proc. of the 2002 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 719–724. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=266
6. 1. Blanch, J.,
   2. Walter, T. &
   3. Enge, P.

   (2003). Measurement noise versus process noise in ionosphere estimation for WAAS. Proc. of the 2003 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, 854–860. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=3832
7. ↵
   1. Datta-Barua, S.

   (2004). Ionospheric threats to space-based augmentation system development. Proc. of the 17th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2004), Long Beach, CA, 1308–1317. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5809
8. ↵
   1. Datta-Barua, S.,
   2. Mannucci, A. J.
   3. Walter, T., &
   4. Enge, P.

   (2008). Altitudinal variation of midlatitude localized TEC enhancement from ground- and space-based measurements. Space Weather, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008SW000396
9. ↵
   1. Datta-Barua, S.,
   2. Walter, T.,
   3. Bust, G. S. &
   4. Wanner, W.

   (2014). Effects of solar cycle 24 activity on WAAS navigation. Space Weather, 12(1), 46–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013SW000982
10. ↵
    1. Datta-Barua, S.,
    2. Walter, T.,
    3. Konno, H.,
    4. Blanch, J.,
    5. Enge, P. &
    6. Komjathy, A.

    (2005). Verification of low latitude ionosphere effects on WAAS during October 2003 geomagnetic storm. Proc. of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Cambridge, MA, 429–439. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6111
11. ↵
    1. Foster, J. C., &
    2. Erickson, P. J.

    (2013). Ionospheric superstorms: Polarization terminator effects in the Atlantic sector. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 103, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.04.001
12. ↵
    1. Hansen, A.,
    2. Blanch, J.,
    3. Walter, T. &
    4. Enge, P.

    (2000a). Ionospheric correlation analysis for WAAS: Quiet and stormy. Proc. of the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 2000), Salt Lake City, UT, 634–642. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=1458
13. ↵
    1. Hansen, A.,
    2. Peterson, E.,
    3. Walter, T., &
    4. Enge, P.

    (2000b). Correlation structure of ionospheric estimation and correction for WAAS. Proc. of the 2000 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, 454–463. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=55
14. ↵
    1. Kelly, M.

    (Ed.). (2009). The Earth’s Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics (2nd edition). Academic Press.
15. ↵
    1. Komjathy, A.,
    2. Sparks, L.,
    3. Mannucci, A. J., &
    4. Coster, A.

    (2005). The ionospheric impact of the October 2003 storm event on Wide Area Augmentation System. GPS Solutions, 9, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-004-0126-2
16. ↵
    1. Lemoine, F. G.,
    2. Kenyon, S. C.,
    3. Factor, J. K.,
    4. Trimmer, R. G.,
    5. Pavlis, N. K.,
    6. Chinn, D. S.,
    7. Cox, C. M.,
    8. Klosko, S. M.,
    9. Luthcke, S. B.,
    10. Torrence, M. H.,
    11. Wang, Y. M.,
    12. Williamson, R. G.,
    13. Pavlis, E. C.,
    14. Rapp, R. H., &
    15. Olson, T. R.

    (1998). The development of the joint NASA GSFC and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) geopotential model EGM96 (NASA/TP-1998-206861).
17. ↵
    1. Mannucci, A. J., &
    2. Tsurutani, B. T.

    (2017). Chapter 20 – Ionosphere and thermosphere responses to extreme geomagnetic storms. In N. Buzulukova (Ed.), Extreme events in geospace: Origins, predictability, and consequences (pp. 493–511). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812700-1.00020-0
18. ↵
    1. Mannucci, A. J.,
    2. Tsurutani, B. T.,
    3. Iijima, B. A.,
    4. Komjathy, A.,
    5. Saito, A.,
    6. Gonzalez, W. D.,
    7. Guarnieri, F. L.,
    8. Kozyra, J. U., &
    9. Skoug, R.

    (2005a). Dayside global ionospheric response to the major interplanetary events of October 29–30, 2003 “Halloween Storms.” Geophysical Research Letters, 32(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021467
19. ↵
    1. Mannucci, A. J.,
    2. Tsurutani, B. T.,
    3. Iijima, B.,
    4. Komjathy, A.,
    5. Wilson, B.,
    6. Pi, X.,
    7. Sparks, L.,
    8. Hajj, G.,
    9. Mandrake, L.,
    10. Gonzalez, W. D.,
    11. Kozyra, J.,
    12. Yumoto, K.,
    13. Sisdak, M.,
    14. Huba, J. D., &
    15. Skoug, R.

    (2005b). Hemispheric daytime ionospheric response to intense solar wind forcing. In J. Burch, M. Schulz, and H. Spence (Eds.), Inner magnetosphere interactions: New perspectives from imaging (Vol. 159, pp. 261–275). https://doi.org/10.1029/159GM20
20. ↵
    1. Pandya, N.,
    2. Sheng, F.,
    3. Castaneda, O.,
    4. Jeong, H.,
    5. Haveman, N., &
    6. Goble, D.

    (2012). Using kriging to optimize WAAS performance over the entire solar cycle. Proc. of the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012), Nashville, TN, 1310–1333. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=10344
21. ↵
    1. Pandya, N.,
    2. Gran, M., &
    3. Paredes, E.

    (2007). WAAS performance improvement with a new undersampled ionospheric gradient threat model metric. Proc. of the 2007 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 291–304. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=7160
22. ↵
    1. Paredes, E.,
    2. Pandya, N.,
    3. Sparks, L., &
    4. Komjathy, A.

    (2008). Reconstructing the WAAS undersampled ionospheric gradient threat model for the WAAS expansion into Mexico. Proc. of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2008), Savannah, GA, 1938–1947. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=8107
23. ↵
    1. Rajagopal, S.,
    2. Walter, T.,
    3. Datta-Barua, S.,
    4. Blanch, J., &
    5. Sakai, T.

    (2004). Correlation structure of the equatorial ionosphere. Proc. of the 2004 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 542–550. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5531
24. ↵
    1. RTCA Special Committee 159

    (2016). Minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) for global positioning system/satellite-based augmentation system airborne equipment [Technical Report No. RTCA/DO-229]. RTCA.
25. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Komjathy, A., &
    3. Mannucci, A. J.

    (2003a). The dependence of WAAS ionospheric error bounds upon the spatial distribution of GPS measurements. Proc. of the 2003 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, 719–727. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=3817
26. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Komjathy, A.,
    3. Mannucci, A. J.,
    4. Altshuler, E.,
    5. Walter, T.,
    6. Blanch, J.,
    7. El-Arini, M. B., &
    8. Lejeune, R.

    (2005). Extreme ionospheric storms and their impact on WAAS. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extreme-ionospheric-storms-and-their-impact-on-WAAS-Sparks-Komjathy/9b7de9e6a9e96dcb07547e7d3f20ae90c9a64870
27. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Blanch, J. &
    3. Pandya, N.

    (2010). Kriging as a means of improving WAAS availability. Proc. of the 23rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2010), Portland, OR, 2013–2020. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=9314
28. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Blanch, J. &
    3. Pandya, N.

    (2011). Estimating ionospheric delay using kriging: 1. Methodology. Radio Science, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011RS004667
29. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Komjathy, A.,
    3. Mannucci. A. J., &
    4. Pi, X.

    (2003b). Characterizing the dependence of satellite-based augmentation systems upon the spatial distribution of GPS measurements. Proc. of GNSS 2003, European Navigation Conference, Graz, Austria.
30. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.

    (2018). Ionospheric slant TEC analysis using GNSS-based estimation (IonoSTAGE) [Version 2.2.2 Operation Manual No. JPL-D 34117]. Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
31. ↵
    1. Sparks, L., &
    2. Altshuler, E.

    (2014). Improving WAAS availability along the coast of California. Proc. of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Tampa, FL, 3299–3311. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=12452
32. ↵
    1. Sparks, L.,
    2. Altshuler, E.,
    3. Pandya, N.,
    4. Blanch, J., &
    5. Walter, T.

    (n.d.). WAAS and the ionosphere – a historical perspective: Mitigating mesoscale irregularities [Manuscript in preparation].
33. ↵
    1. Tsurutani, B.T.,
    2. Verkhoglyadova, O. P.,
    3. Mannucci, A. J.,
    4. Saito, A.,
    5. Araki, T.,
    6. Yumoto, K.,
    7. Tsuda, T.,
    8. Abdu, M. A.,
    9. Sobral, J. H. A.,
    10. Gonzalez, W. D.,
    11. McCreadie, H.,
    12. Lakhina, G. S., &
    13. Vasyliunas, V. M.

    (2008). Prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) and their ionospheric effects during the great magnetic storm of 30–31 October 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(A5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012879
34. ↵
    1. Tsurutani, B.,
    2. Mannucci, A.,
    3. Iijima, B.,
    4. Abdu, M. A.,
    5. Sobral, J. H. A.,
    6. Gonzalez, W.,
    7. Guarnieri, F.,
    8. Tsuda, T.,
    9. Saito, A.,
    10. Yumoto, K.,
    11. Fejer, B.,
    12. Fuller-Rowell, T. J.,
    13. Kozyra, J.,
    14. Foster, J. C.,
    15. Coster, A., &
    16. Vasyliunas, V. M.

    (2004). Global dayside ionospheric uplift and enhancement associated with interplanetary electric fields. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(A8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA010342
35. ↵
    1. Walter, T.,
    2. Hansen, A.,
    3. Blanch, J.,
    4. Enge, P.,
    5. Mannucci, T.,
    6. Pi, X.,
    7. Sparks, L.,
    8. Iijima, B.,
    9. El-Arini, B.,
    10. Lejeune, R.,
    11. Hagen, M.,
    12. Altshuler, E.,
    13. Fries, R., &
    14. Chu, A.

    (2001). Robust detection of ionospheric irregularities. NAVIGATION, 48(2), 89–100. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=102299
36. ↵
    1. Walter, T.,
    2. Shallberg, K.,
    3. Altshuler, E.,
    4. Wanner, W.,
    5. Harris, C., &
    6. Stimmler, R.

    (2018). WAAS at 15. NAVIGATION, 65(4), 581–600. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.252