Characterization and Performance Assessment of BeiDou-2 and BeiDou-3 Satellite Group Delays

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Banville, S.

   (2021). Upcoming convention regarding PCO and biases (IGS Mail No. 8113). https://lists.igs.org/pipermail/igsmail/2021/008109.html
2. ↵
   1. Beer, S.,
   2. Wanninger, L., &
   3. Heßelbarth, A.

   (2021). Estimation of absolute GNSS satellite antenna group delay variations based on those of absolute receiver antenna group delays. GPS Solutions, 25(3), 110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01137-8
3. ↵
   1. Betz, J. W.

   (2016). Engineering satellite-based navigation and timing: Global navigation satellite systems, signals, and receivers. Wiley-IEEE Press.
4. ↵
   1. Cai, H.,
   2. Chen, G.,
   3. Jiao, W.,
   4. Chen, K.,
   5. Xu, T., &
   6. Wang, H.

   (2016). An initial analysis and assessment on final products of iGMAS. In J. Sun, J. Liu, S. Fan, & F. Wang (Eds.) China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2016 Proceedings: Volume III (pp. 515–527). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0940-2_45
5. ↵
   1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

   . (2016). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal (Version 2.1). China Satellite Navigation Office. https://en.beidou.gov.cn/SYSTEMS/ICD/201806/P020180608523308843290.pdf
6. ↵
   1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

   . (2017a). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal B1C (Version 1.0). China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/xt/gfxz/201712/P020171226741342013031.pdf
7. ↵
   1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

   . (2017b). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal B2a (Version 1.0). China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/xt/gfxz/201712/P020171226742357364174.pdf
8. ↵
   1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

   . (2018). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal B3I (Version 1.0). China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/xt/gfxz/201802/P020180209623601401189.pdf
9. ↵
   1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

   . (2019). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal B1I (Version 3.0). China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/xt/gfxz/201902/P020190227593621142475.pdf
10. ↵
    1. China Satellite Navigation Office (CSNO)

    . (2020). BeiDou navigation satellite system signal in space interface control document: Open service signal B2b (Version 1.0). China Satellite Navigation Office. http://en.beidou.gov.cn/SYSTEMS/ICD/202008/P020200803539206360377.pdf
11. ↵
    1. China Satellite Navigation Office Test and Assessment Research Center (CSNO-TARC)

    . (2022). Satellite parameters. Test and Assessment Research Center of China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.csno-tarc.cn/en/datacenter/satelliteparameters
12. ↵
    1. Deng, Z.,
    2. Nischan, T., &
    3. Bradke, M.

    (2017). Multi-GNSS rapid orbit-, clock- & EOP-product series. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.1.1.2017.002
13. ↵
    1. Esenbuga, Ö. G.,
    2. Hauschild, A., &
    3. Steigenberger, P.

    (2020). Impact of GPS flex power on differential code bias estimation for Block IIR-M and IIF satellites. Proc. of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), 2922–2930. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17634
14. ↵
    1. Gong, X.,
    2. Lou, Y.,
    3. Zheng, F.,
    4. Gu, S.,
    5. Shi, C.,
    6. Liu, J., &
    7. Jing, G.

    (2018). Evaluation and calibration of BeiDou receiver-related pseudorange biases. GPS Solutions, 22(4), 98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-018-0765-3
15. ↵
    1. Gu, S.,
    2. Wang, Y.,
    3. Zhao, Q.,
    4. Zheng, F., &
    5. Gong, X.

    (2020). BDS-3 differential code bias estimation with undifferenced uncombined model based on triple-frequency observation. Journal of Geodesy, 94(4), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01364-w
16. ↵
    1. Guo, F.,
    2. Zhang, X., &
    3. Wang, J.

    (2015). Timing group delay and differential code bias corrections for BeiDou positioning. Journal of Geodesy, 89(5), 427–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-015-0788-2
17. ↵
    1. Hauschild, A.

    (2017). Basic observation equations. In P. Teunissen & O. Montenbruck (Eds.) Springer handbook of global navigation satellite systems (pp. 561–582). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_19
18. ↵
    1. Hauschild, A., &
    2. Montenbruck, O.

    (2016). The effect of correlator and front-end design on GNSS pseudorange biases for geodetic receivers. NAVIGATION, 63(4), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.165
19. ↵
    1. He, C.,
    2. Lu, X.,
    3. Guo, J.,
    4. Su, C.,
    5. Wang, W., &
    6. Wang, M.

    (2020). Initial analysis for characterizing and mitigating the pseudorange biases of BeiDou navigation satellite system. Satellite Navigation, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-019-0003-3
20. ↵
    1. Hong, J.,
    2. Tu, R.,
    3. Zhang, R.,
    4. Fan, L.,
    5. Zhang, P.,
    6. Han, J., &
    7. Lu, X.

    (2020). Analyzing the satellite-induced code bias variation characteristics for the BDS-3 via a 40 m dish antenna. Sensors, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20051339
21. ↵
    1. Hwang, P. Y.,
    2. McGraw, G. A., &
    3. Bader, J. R.

    (1999). Enhanced differential GPS carrier-smoothed code processing using dual-frequency measurements. NAVIGATION, 46(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.1999.tb02401.x
22. ↵
    1. Johnston, G.,
    2. Riddell, A., &
    3. Hausler, G.

    (2017). The International GNSS Service. In P. G. Teunissen & O. Montenbruck (Eds.) Springer handbook of global navigation satellite systems (pp. 967–982). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_33
23. ↵
    1. Langley, R. B.,
    2. Teunissen, P. J. G., &
    3. Montenbruck, O.

    (2017). Introduction to GNSS. In P. Teunissen & O. Montenbruck (Eds.) Springer handbook of global navigation satellite systems (pp. 3–23). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_1
24. ↵
    1. Li, G.,
    2. Zhang, D.,
    3. Lin, Y., &
    4. Wang, J.

    (2021a). A closed-loop calibration method of the BeiDou time receiver. In C. Yang & J. Xie (Eds.) China satellite navigation conference (CSNC) 2021 proceedings: Volume III (pp. 74–85). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3146-7_8
25. ↵
    1. Li, M., &
    2. Yuan, Y.

    (2021). Estimation and analysis of BDS2 and BDS3 differential code biases and global ionospheric maps using BDS observations. Remote Sensing, 13(3), 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13030370
26. ↵
    1. Li, R.,
    2. Wang, N.,
    3. Li, Z.,
    4. Zhang, Y.,
    5. Wang, Z., &
    6. Ma, H.

    (2021b). Precise orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites using B1C and B2a dual-frequency measurements. GPS Solutions, 25(3), 95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-021-01126-x
27. ↵
    1. Li, X.,
    2. Li, X.,
    3. Liu, G.,
    4. Xie, W.,
    5. Guo, F.,
    6. Yuan, Y.,
    7. Zhang, K., &
    8. Feng, G.

    (2020). The phase and code biases of Galileo and BDS-3 BOC signals: Effect on ambiguity resolution and precise positioning. Journal of Geodesy, 94(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-019-01336-9
28. ↵
    1. Li, X.,
    2. Xie, W.,
    3. Huang, J.,
    4. Ma, T.,
    5. Zhang, X., &
    6. Yuan, Y.

    (2019). Estimation and analysis of differential code biases for BDS3/BDS2 using iGMAS and MGEX observations. Journal of Geodesy, 93(3), 419–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1170-y
29. ↵
    1. Lou, Y.,
    2. Gong, X.,
    3. Gu, S.,
    4. Zheng, F., &
    5. Feng, Y.

    (2017). Assessment of code bias variations of BDS triple-frequency signals and their impacts on ambiguity resolution for long baselines. GPS Solutions, 21(1), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0514-4
30. ↵
    1. Lu, M.,
    2. Li, W.,
    3. Yao, Z., &
    4. Cui, X.

    (2019). Overview of BDS III new signals. NAVIGATION, 66(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.296
31. ↵
    1. Lu, M., &
    2. Yao, Z.

    (2020). BeiDou navigation satellite system. In Y. T. J. Morton, F. van Diggelen, J. J. Spilker Jr.., B. W. Parkinson, S. Lo, & G. Gao (Eds.) Position, navigation, and timing technologies in the 21st century: Integrated satellite navigation, sensor systems, and civil applications (Vol. 1, pp. 143–170). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119458449.ch6
32. ↵
    1. Montenbruck, O.,
    2. Hauschild, A., &
    3. Steigenberger, P.

    (2014). Differential code bias estimation using multi-GNSS observations and global ionosphere maps. NAVIGATION, 61(3), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.64
33. ↵
    1. Montenbruck, O., &
    2. Steigenberger, P.

    (2022). BRD400DLR: DLR’s merged multi-GNSS broadcast ephemeris product in RINEX 4.00 format [Data set]. DLR/GSOC. https://doi.org/10.57677/BRD400DLR
34. ↵
    1. Montenbruck, O.,
    2. Steigenberger, P., &
    3. Hauschild, A.

    (2018). Multi-GNSS signal-in-space range error assessment—methodology and results. Advances in Space Research, 61(12), 3020–3038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.03.041
35. ↵
    1. Montenbruck, O.,
    2. Steigenberger, P., &
    3. Hauschild, A.

    (2020). Comparing the ‘Big 4’—a user’s view on GNSS performance. 2020 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Portland, OR. https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS46316.2020.9110208
36. ↵
    1. Montenbruck, O.,
    2. Steigenberger, P.,
    3. Prange, L.,
    4. Deng, Z.,
    5. Zhao, Q.,
    6. Perosanz, F.,
    7. Romero, I.,
    8. Noll, C.,
    9. Sturze, A.,
    10. Weber, G.,
    11. Schmid, R.,
    12. MacLeod, K., &
    13. Schaer, S.

    (2017). The multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS)—achievements, prospects and challenges. Advances in Space Research, 59(7), 1671–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.011
37. ↵
    1. Rebischung, P., &
    2. Schmid, R.

    (2016). IGS14/igs14.atx: a new framework for the IGS products. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311654495_IGS14igs14atx_a_new_framework_for_the_IGS_products
38. ↵
    1. Romero, I.

    (2021). RINEX: The receiver independent exchange format (Version 4.0). IGS. https://files.igs.org/pub/data/format/rinex_4.00.pdf
39. ↵
    1. Schaer, S.

    (2016). SINEX_BIAS—Solution (software/technique) independent exchange format for GNSS biases (Version 1.0). AIUB. https://files.igs.org/pub/data/format/sinex_bias_100.pdf
40. ↵
    1. Sleewaegen, J.-M., &
    2. Clemente, F.

    (2018). Quantifying the pilot-data bias on all current GNSS signals and satellites. Proc. of the IGS Workshop 2018. https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/igs-acc-web/igs-acc-website/workshop2018/presentations/IGSWS-2018-PY05-05.pdf
41. ↵
    1. Wang, N.,
    2. Li, Z.,
    3. Montenbruck, O., &
    4. Tang, C.

    (2019). Quality assessment of GPS, Galileo and BeiDou-2/3 satellite broadcast group delays. Advances in Space Research, 64(9), 1764–1779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.07.029
42. ↵
    1. Wang, N.,
    2. Yuan, Y.,
    3. Li, Z.,
    4. Montenbruck, O., &
    5. Tan, B.

    (2016). Determination of differential code biases with multi-GNSS observations. Journal of Geodesy, 90(3), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-015-0867-4
43. ↵
    1. Wang, Q.,
    2. Jin, S.,
    3. Yuan, L.,
    4. Hu, Y.,
    5. Chen, J., &
    6. Guo, J.

    (2020). Estimation and analysis of BDS-3 differential code biases from MGEX observations. Remote Sensing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010068
44. ↵
    1. Wanninger, L., &
    2. Beer, S.

    (2015). BeiDou satellite-induced code pseudorange variations: Diagnosis and therapy. GPS Solutions, 19(4), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0423-3
45. ↵
    1. Wilson, B., &
    2. Mannucci, A.

    (1994). Extracting ionospheric measurements from GPS in the presence of anti-spoofing. Proc. of the 7th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1994), Salt Lake City, UT, 1599–1608. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=3982
46. ↵
    1. Xing, N.

    (2011). Hardware delay solution of regional satellite navigation system. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 36(10), 1218–1221. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hardware-Delay-Solution-of-Regional-Satellite-Nan/48c640afb9b8af760ad5230df441969489f531c8
47. ↵
    1. Xue, B.,
    2. Wang, H., &
    3. Yuan, Y.

    (2021). Performance of BeiDou-3 signal-in-space ranging errors: Accuracy and distribution. GPS Solutions, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01057-z
48. ↵
    1. Yang, Y.,
    2. Gao, W.,
    3. Guo, S.,
    4. Mao, Y., &
    5. Yang, Y.

    (2019). Introduction to BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system. NAVIGATION, 66(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.291
49. ↵
    1. Yang, Y.,
    2. Yang, Y.,
    3. Hu, X.,
    4. Tang, C.,
    5. Guo, R.,
    6. Zhou, Z.,
    7. Xu, J.,
    8. Pan, J., &
    9. Su, M.

    (2021). BeiDou-3 broadcast clock estimation by integration of observations of regional tracking stations and inter-satellite links. GPS Solutions, 25(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01067-x
50. ↵
    1. Yao, Z.,
    2. Guo, F.,
    3. Ma, J., &
    4. Lu, M.

    (2017). Orthogonality-based generalized multicarrier constant envelope multiplexing for DSSS signals. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 53(4), 1685–1698. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2017.2671580
51. ↵
    1. Yao, Z.,
    2. Zhang, J., &
    3. Lu, M.

    (2016). ACE-BOC: Dual-frequency constant envelope multiplexing for satellite navigation. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 52(1), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2015.140607
52. ↵
    1. Yinger, C. H.,
    2. Feess, W. A.,
    3. Di Esposti, R.,
    4. Chasko, A.,
    5. Cosentino, B.,
    6. Wilson, B., &
    7. Wheaton, B.

    (1999). GPS satellite interfrequency biases. Proc. of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Cambridge, MA, 347–354. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=1329
53. ↵
    1. Zhang, Y.,
    2. Chen, J.,
    3. Gong, X., &
    4. Chen, Q.

    (2020a). The update of BDS-2 TGD and its impact on positioning. Advances in Space Research, 65(11), 2645–2661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.03.011
54. ↵
    1. Zhang, Y.,
    2. Kubo, N.,
    3. Chen, J.,
    4. Chu, F.-Y.,
    5. Wang, A., &
    6. Wang, J.

    (2020b). Apparent clock and TGD biases between BDS-2 and BDS-3. GPS Solutions, 24(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0933-0
55. ↵
    1. Zhang, Y.,
    2. Wang, H.,
    3. Chen, J.,
    4. Wang, A.,
    5. Meng, L., &
    6. Wang, E.

    (2020c). Calibration and impact of BeiDou satellite-dependent timing group delay bias. Remote Sensing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010192
56. ↵
    1. Zhu, Y.,
    2. Tan, S.,
    3. Feng, L.,
    4. Cui, X.,
    5. Zhang, Q., &
    6. Jia, X.

    (2020). Estimation of the DCB for the BDS-3 new signals based on BDGIM constraints. Advances in Space Research, 66(6), 1405–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.05.019