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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Gain Pattern Reconstruction of GPS Satellite Antennas Using a Global Receiver Network

Gerardo Allende-Alba, Steffen Thoelert, and Stefano Caizzone
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation September 2022, 69 (3) navi.530; DOI: https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.530
Gerardo Allende-Alba
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, 82234 Weßling, Germany RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Steffen Thoelert,
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, 82234 Weßling, Germany RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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Stefano Caizzone
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Communications and Navigation, 82234 Weßling, Germany RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    Comparison of s-pattern coverages based on a location in Central Europe on different observation periods for satellites of the GPS (green scale) and Galileo (blue scale) constellations

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    S-pattern coverage in the satellite body-fixed frame using 10 and 50 continuous days of data for the Galileo FM15 (left) and GPS SVN46 (right) satellites, respectively

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    Stations from the IGS network used in this study; blue and green markers depict stations of the base and complementary sets, respectively.

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    FIGURE 4

    Block diagram of the proposed methodology for s-pattern reconstruction using a multi-station approach including a dedicated strategy for r-pattern reconstruction

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    FIGURE 5

    Zenith-only profiles (median values in azimuth coordinate bins) of reconstructed r-patterns of Leica AR25 antennas of selected stations of the IGS network (see Table 1)

  • FIGURE 6
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    FIGURE 6

    Estimated s-patterns of satellites SVN43 (top-left), SVN48 (top-right), SVN63 (bottom-left), and SVN74 (bottom-right)

  • FIGURE 7
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    FIGURE 7

    Reconstructed s-patterns of satellites SVN43 (top-left), SVN48 (top-right), SVN63 (bottom-left), and SVN74 (bottom-right)

  • FIGURE 8
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    FIGURE 8

    Comparison of mean nadir-only pattern profiles of reconstructed s-patterns (green curves) and mean observation values of normalized s-patterns (black dots) published by Lockheed Martin for satellites SVN43 (left) and SVN48 (right)

  • FIGURE 9
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    FIGURE 9

    Comparison of sampled reconstructed s-pattern values and s-pattern observations published by Lockheed Martin for satellites SVN43 (top) and SVN48 (bottom); for each case, the 95th percentiles of absolute gain differences for each nadir bin of observations are also depicted

  • FIGURE 10
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    FIGURE 10

    Comparison of reconstructed s-pattern cuts with observations from the high-gain antenna in Weilheim and available reference values from Lockheed Martin for satellites SVN43 (top-left), SVN48 (top-right), SVN63 (bottom-left), and SVN74 (bottom-right)

  • FIGURE 11
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    FIGURE 11

    Evaluation of reconstructed s-pattern cuts using observations from the high-gain antenna in Weilheim as reference for satellites SVN43 (top-left), SVN48 (top-right), SVN63 (bottom-left), and SVN74 (bottom-right)

Tables

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    TABLE 1

    List of Stations of the IGS Network Considered in This Study

    IDCOUNTRY/REGIONANTENNA MODEL
    DLF1NetherlandsLeica AR25 R3
    WTZRGermany
    DAV1Antarctica
    KAT1Australia
    THTGFrench Polynesia
    MGUEArgentinaLeica AR25 R4
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    TABLE 2

    List of Galileo Satellites Used for R-Pattern Reconstruction

    SATELLITEFM15FM16FM3FM21FM7FM13
    ORBITAL PLANEABC
    • Note: All satellites belong to the Full Operational Capability (FOC) block

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    TABLE 3

    List of Selected GPS Satellites Used for S-Pattern Estimation and Reconstruction

    SATELLITESVN43SVN48SVN63SVN74
    BLOCKIIR-AIIR-MIIFIII
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    TABLE 4

    Satellite Passes Observed in Weilheim

    SATELLITESVN43SVN48SVN63SVN74
    DATE18.11.201605.07.201722.02.202015.01.2019

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NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation: 69 (3)
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
Vol. 69, Issue 3
Fall 2022
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Gain Pattern Reconstruction of GPS Satellite Antennas Using a Global Receiver Network
Gerardo Allende-Alba, Steffen Thoelert,, Stefano Caizzone
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation Sep 2022, 69 (3) navi.530; DOI: 10.33012/navi.530

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Gain Pattern Reconstruction of GPS Satellite Antennas Using a Global Receiver Network
Gerardo Allende-Alba, Steffen Thoelert,, Stefano Caizzone
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation Sep 2022, 69 (3) navi.530; DOI: 10.33012/navi.530
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • 1 INTRODUCTION
    • 2 GPS SATELLITE ANTENNAS
    • 3 OBSERVATIONAL GEOMETRY AND PATTERN SAMPLING
    • 4 GNSS RECEIVER NETWORK AND SIGNAL POWER OBSERVATIONS
    • 5 RECONSTRUCTION OF RECEIVER ANTENNA GAIN PATTERNS
    • 6 RECONSTRUCTION OF SATELLITE ANTENNA GAIN PATTERNS
    • 7 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    • 8 CONCLUSION
    • HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
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Keywords

  • gain pattern estimation
  • GNSS satellite antenna
  • GNSS signal power monitoring
  • GPS
  • IGS network

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