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Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

Radio-Frequency Interference Considerations for Utility of the Galileo E6 Signal Based on Long-Term Monitoring by ARFIDAAS

Aiden Morrison, Nadezda Sokolova, Nicolai Gerrard, Anders Rødningsby, Christian Rost, and Laura Ruotsalainen
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation March 2023, 70 (1) navi.560; DOI: https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.560
Aiden Morrison
1SINTEF AS
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Nadezda Sokolova
1SINTEF AS
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Nicolai Gerrard
2Norwegian Communications Authority
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Anders Rødningsby
3Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
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Christian Rost,
4Norwegian Space Agency
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Laura Ruotsalainen
5The University of Helsinki
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  • FIGURE 1
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    FIGURE 1

    ARFIDAAS second-generation hardware front-end

  • FIGURE 2
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    FIGURE 2

    ARFIDAAS high-level functional diagram showing interfaces

  • FIGURE 3
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    FIGURE 3

    Example of interference assumed to be radar-related jamming events from Norway on the 19th of January 2021 (not showing leakage into the L2 band)

  • FIGURE 4
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    FIGURE 4

    Czech Republic installation environment baseline of E6 band

  • FIGURE 5
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    FIGURE 5

    E6-band disruption believed to be from the SAR payload of the ALOS-2 satellite

  • FIGURE 6
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    FIGURE 6

    Classification results from Trondheim station: 3,021 events from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020

  • FIGURE 7
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    FIGURE 7

    Classification results from Trondheim C station: 5,110 events from April 1, 2020, through March 31, 2021

  • FIGURE 8
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    FIGURE 8

    Classification results from Amsterdam station: 2,291 events from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020

  • FIGURE 9
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    FIGURE 9

    Classification results from Trondheim B station: 827 events from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020

  • FIGURE 10
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    FIGURE 10

    Classification results from Asker station: 1,295 events from January 1, 2020, through December 31, 2020

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    TABLE 1

    Full-Year Results From Five ARFIDAAS Monitoring Stations

    Site nameNumber of eventsMost impacted bandLikelihood of jamming at siteDominant RFI family
    in %seconds/day
    Amsterdam2,291E1/L10.02522Narrowband
    Asker1,295E1/L10.01614Wideband
    Trondheim3,021E60.02421Time-modulated
    Trondheim B827E1/L10.0098Time-modulated
    Trondheim C5,110E1/L10.04236Narrowband
    • View popup
    TABLE 2

    Comparative E6 Signal Structure, Power Level Symbol Rates, and Pilot Availability From the Galileo OS SIS ICD Version 2.0 (EU, 2021)

    SignalSignal componentTotal received powerSymbol ratePilot
    Minimum (dBW)Maximum (dBW)
    E5E5a (total I+Q)
    (50/50% I/Q power)
    −155.25−150.0050Open
    E5b (total I+Q)
    (50/50% I/Q power)
    −155.25−150.00250Open
    E6E6-B/C (total B+C)
    (50/50% B/C power)
    −155.25−150.00E6B-1000None
    Requires CE6-C
    E1E1-B/C (total B+C)
    (50/50% B/C power)
    −157.25−152.00E1B-250None
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NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation: 70 (1)
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
Vol. 70, Issue 1
Spring 2023
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Radio-Frequency Interference Considerations for Utility of the Galileo E6 Signal Based on Long-Term Monitoring by ARFIDAAS
Aiden Morrison, Nadezda Sokolova, Nicolai Gerrard, Anders Rødningsby, Christian Rost,, Laura Ruotsalainen
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation Mar 2023, 70 (1) navi.560; DOI: 10.33012/navi.560

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Radio-Frequency Interference Considerations for Utility of the Galileo E6 Signal Based on Long-Term Monitoring by ARFIDAAS
Aiden Morrison, Nadezda Sokolova, Nicolai Gerrard, Anders Rødningsby, Christian Rost,, Laura Ruotsalainen
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation Mar 2023, 70 (1) navi.560; DOI: 10.33012/navi.560
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • 1 THE ARFIDAAS PROJECT BACKGROUND AND SYSTEM DESIGN
    • 2 THE DEPLOYED ARFIDAAS NETWORK
    • 3 KNOWN CHALLENGES TO THE USE OF E6 AND ARFIDAAS FIELD OBSERVATIONS
    • 4 FULL-YEAR SITE STATISTICS
    • 5 E6 TRACKING IMPLICATIONS
    • 6 FUTURE WORK
    • 7 CONCLUSION
    • HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Keywords

  • GNSS
  • E6
  • jamming
  • radio-frequency interference

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