A Baseband MLE for Snapshot GNSS Receiver Using Super-Long-Coherent Correlation in a Fractional Fourier Domain

REFERENCES

1. ↵
   1. Almeida, L. B.

   (1994). The fractional Fourier transform and time-frequency representations. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 42(11), 3084–3091. https://doi.org/10.1109/78.330368
2. ↵
   1. BDS Constellation Status

   . (2021). Test and Assessment Research Center of China Satellite Navigation Office. http://www.csno-tarc.cn/en/system/constellation
3. ↵
   1. Beyerle, G.,
   2. Ramatschi, M.,
   3. Galas, R.,
   4. Schmidt, T.,
   5. Wickert, J., &
   6. Rothacher, M.

   (2009). A data archive of GPS navigation messages. GPS Solutions, 13(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-008-0095-y
4. ↵
   1. Borio, D.

   (2008). A Statistical Theory for GNSS Signal Acquisition. Dipartimento Di Elettronica, Doctoral T, 291, Polytecnico di Torino.
5. ↵
   1. Borio, D.,
   2. O’Driscoll, C., &
   3. Lachapelle, G.

   (2009). Coherent, noncoherent, and differentially coherent combining techniques for the acquisition of new composite GNSS signals. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 45(3), 1227–1240. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2009.5259196
6. ↵
   1. Dierendonck, A. J. Van.

   (1996). GPS Receivers. In B. W. Parkinson, J. J. Spilker Jr., P. Axelrad, & P. Enge (Eds.), Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume 1. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
7. ↵
   EUSPA EO and GNSS Market Report. (2022). https://www.euspa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/euspa_market_report_2022.pdf Accessed on 29.01.2022
8. ↵
   1. Faragher, R.,
   2. Couronneau, N.,
   3. Powe, M.,
   4. Esteves, P.,
   5. Crockett, M.,
   6. Martin, H.,
   7. Ziglioli, E.,
   8. Higgins, C.,
   9. Buckle, D.,
   10. Zigliol, E.,
   11. Higgins, C., &
   12. Buckle, D.

   (2018). Supercorrelation: Enhancing the Accuracy and Sensitivity of Consumer GNSS Receivers with a DSP Upgrade. Proc. of the 31st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, FL (pp. 357–375).
9. ↵
   1. Faragher, R.,
   2. Powe, M.,
   3. Esteves, P.,
   4. Couronneau, N.,
   5. Crockett, M.,
   6. Martin, H.,
   7. Ziglioli, E., &
   8. Higgins, C.

   (2019). Supercorrelation as a Service: S-GNSS Upgrades for Smartdevices. Proc. of the 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, FL (pp. 256–274). https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16983
10. ↵
    1. Filip-Dhaubhadel, A., &
    2. Shutin, D.

    (2020). Long Coherent Integration in Passive Radar Systems Using Super-Resolution Sparse Bayesian Learning. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 57(1), 554–572. https://doi.org/10.1109/taes.2020.3026844
11. ↵
    1. Galileo Constellation Information

    . (2021). European GNSS Service Centre. https://www.gsc-europa.eu/system-service-status/constellation-information
12. ↵
    1. Givhan, C. A.,
    2. Bevly, D. M., &
    3. Martin, S. M.

    (2020). Performance analysis of a vector tracking software-defined receiver for GPS L5. Proc. of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), (pp. 3163–3179). https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17711
13. ↵
    1. Gowdayyanadoddi, N. S.,
    2. Curran, J. T.,
    3. Broumandan, A. &
    4. Lachapelle, G.

    (2015). A ray-tracing technique to characterize GPS multipath in the frequency domain. International Journal of Navigation and Observation, 2015, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/983124
14. ↵
    1. GPS Constellation Status

    . (2022). United States Coast Guard Navigation Center. https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?Do=constellationStatus
15. ↵
    1. Groves, P. D.,
    2. Zhong, Q.,
    3. Faragher, R., &
    4. Esteves, P.

    (2020). Combining inertially-aided extended coherent integration (supercorrelation) with 3D-mapping-aided GNSS. Proc. of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), (pp. 2327–2346). https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17767
16. ↵
    1. Hegarty, C. J.

    (2006). Optimal and near-optimal detectors for acquisition of the GPS L5 signal. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, National Technical Meeting, 2 (January), 717–725.
17. ↵
    1. Hegarty, C.,
    2. Tran, M., &
    3. Dierendonck, A. J. van.

    (2003). Acquisition algorithms for the GPS L5 signal. Proc. of the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS/GNSS 2003), Portland, OR, USA, (pp. 165–177). https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5192
18. ↵
    1. Humphreys, T. E.,
    2. Murrian, M. J., &
    3. Narula, L.

    (2020). Deep-urban unaided precise global navigation satellite system vehicle positioning. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 12(3), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2020.2994121
19. ↵
    1. Kaplan, E. D., &
    2. Hegarty, C.

    (2017). Understanding GPS/GNSS. Principles and applications (3rd ed.). Artech House.
20. ↵
    1. Kay, S. M.

    (1993). Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: Estimation theory. Prentice Hall-PTR.
21. ↵
    1. Lachapelle, G., &
    2. Gratton, P.

    (2019). GNSS precise point positioning with android smartphones and comparison with high performance receivers. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Signal, Information and Data Processing (ICSIDP), Chongqing, China, (pp. 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSIDP47821.2019.9173062
22. ↵
    1. Lashley, M.,
    2. Bevly, D. M., &
    3. Hung, J. Y.

    (2009). Performance analysis of vector tracking algorithms for weak GPS signals in high dynamics. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 3(4), 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTSP.2009.2023341
23. ↵
    1. Li, X., &
    2. Pahlavan, K.

    (2004). Super-resolution TOA estimation with diversity for indoor geolocation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 3(1), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2003.819035

    CrossRef
24. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Hsu, L.-T., &
    3. Pan, Y.

    (2021). A Super-resolution algorithm with FRFT towards GNSS TOA estimation for multipath channel. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, Missouri, USA, September 20–24, 2021, 3350–3359. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17951
25. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Li, J.,
    3. Yu, C.,
    4. Lyu, Z.,
    5. Yue, Z., &
    6. El-Sheimy, N.

    (2019a). A GNSS software-defined receiver with vector tracking techniques for land vehicle navigation. Proc. ION 2019 Pacific PNT Meeting, Honolulu, HI (pp. 713–727). https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16834
26. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Yu, C.,
    3. Chen, S.,
    4. Li, J.,
    5. Ruan, H., &
    6. El-Sheimy, N.

    (2019b). A novel Doppler rate estimator based on fractional Fourier transform for high-dynamic GNSS Signal. IEEE Access, 7, 29575–29596. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2903185
27. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Yu, C.,
    3. Xu, B.,
    4. Li, J.,
    5. Tsai, G.-J.,
    6. Li, Y., &
    7. El-Sheimy, N.

    (2019c). Assessment of ultra-tightly coupled GNSS/INS integration system towards autonomous ground vehicle navigation using smartphone IMU. 2019 IEEE International Conference on Signal, Information and Data Processing (ICSIDP), Chongqing, China, (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSIDP47821.2019.9173292
28. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Zhang, L., &
    3. El-Sheimy, N.

    (2018a). An improved DE-KFL for BOC signal tracking assisted by FRFT in a highly dynamic environment. Proc. of IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, (PLANS 2018), Monterey, CA, (pp. 1525–1534). https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.2018.8373547
29. ↵
    1. Luo, Y.,
    2. Zhang, L., &
    3. Ruan, H.

    (2018b). An acquisition algorithm based on FRFT for weak GNSS signals in a dynamic environment. IEEE Communications Letters, 22(6), 1212–1215. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2018.2828834
30. ↵
    1. Macchi-Gernot, F.,
    2. Petovello, M. G., &
    3. Lachapelle, G.

    (2010). Combined acquisition and tracking methods for GPS L1 C/A and L1C signals. International Journal of Navigation and Observation, 2010, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/190465
31. ↵
    1. Maier, D. S., &
    2. Pany, T.

    (2021). Multipath and Attitude Estimation Phase Lock Loop for Antenna Array Signal Processing, (pp. 3402–3421). https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=17979
32. ↵
    1. Moscardini, C.,
    2. Petri, D.,
    3. Capria, A.,
    4. Conti, M.,
    5. Martorella, M., &
    6. Berizzi, F.

    (2015). Batches algorithm for passive radar: A theoretical analysis. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 51(2), 1475–1487. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7126197
33. ↵
    1. Ng, H.,
    2. Zhang, G.,
    3. Luo, Y., &
    4. Hsu, L.

    (2021). Urban positioning: 3D mapping-aided GNSS using dual-frequency pseudorange measurements from smartphones. NAVIGATION, 68(4), 727–749. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.448
34. ↵
    1. Ozaktas, H. M.,
    2. Arikan, O.,
    3. Kutay, M. A., &
    4. Bozdagt, G.

    (1996). Digital computation of the fractional Fourier transform. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 44(9), 2141–2150. https://doi.org/10.1109/78.536672
35. ↵
    1. Ozaktas, H. M., &
    2. Kutay, M. A.

    (2001). The fractional Fourier transform. European Control Conference (ECC), Porto, Portugal, pp. 1477–1483. https://doi.org/10.23919/ECC.2001.7076127
36. ↵
    1. Ozturk, C.,
    2. Ozaktas, H. M.,
    3. Gezici, S., &
    4. Koc, A.

    (2021). Optimal fractional Fourier filtering for graph signals. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69, 2902–2912. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2021.3079804
37. ↵
    1. Pany, T., &
    2. Eissfeller, B.

    (2006). Use of a vector delay lock loop receiver for GNSS signal power analysis in bad signal conditions. IEEE/ION Position, Location, And Navigation Symposium (PLANS 2006), (pp. 893–903). https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6728
38. ↵
    1. Xie, P., &
    2. Petovello, M. G.

    (2015). Measuring GNSS multipath distributions in urban canyon environments. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 64(2), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2014.2342452
39. ↵
    1. Petovello, M. G.,
    2. O’Driscoll, C., &
    3. Lachapelle, G.

    (2008). Weak signal carrier tracking using extended coherent integration with an ultra-tight GNSS /IMU receiver. European Navigation Conference 2008, Toulouse, France, 1–11. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cillian-Odriscoll/publication/224969506_Weak_Signal_Carrier_Tracking_of_Weak_Using_Coherent_Integration_with_an_Ultra-Tight_GNSSIMU_Receiver/links/00b7d51eff268d20b3000000/Weak-Signal-Carrier-Tracking-of-Weak-Using-Coherent-Integration-with-an-Ultra-Tight-GNSS-IMU-Receiver.pdf
40. ↵
    1. Progri, I. F.,
    2. Bromberg, M. C., &
    3. Michalson, W. R.

    (2005). Maximum-likelihood GPS parameter estimation. NAVIGATION, 52(4), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2005.tb00365.x
41. ↵
    1. Ren, T., &
    2. Petovello, M. G.

    (2017). A stand-alone approach for high-sensitivity GNSS receivers in signal-challenged environment. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 53(5), 2438–2448. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2017.2699539
42. ↵
    1. Stirling-Gallacher, R. A.,
    2. Hulbert, A. P., &
    3. Povey, G. J. R.

    (1996). A fast acquisition technique for a direct sequence spread spectrum signal in the presence of a large Doppler shift. Proc. of International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications (ISSSTA’95), Mainz, Germany, 1, 156–160. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSSTA.1996.563761
43. ↵
    1. Tran, M.

    (2004). Performance evaluations of the new GPS L5 and L2 Civil (L2C) signals. NAVIGATION, 51(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2004.tb00351.x
44. ↵
    1. Wang, P., &
    2. Morton, Y. J.

    (2020). Performance comparison of time-of-arrival estimation techniques for LTE signals in realistic multipath propagation channels. NAVIGATION, 67(4), 691–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.395
45. ↵
    1. Watts, T. M.,
    2. Martin, S. M., &
    3. Bevly, D. M.

    (2021). Analysis of receiver-to-receiver aiding in cooperative vector tracking. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO (pp. 2405–2429). https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17941
46. ↵
    1. Yan, K.,
    2. Zhang, T.,
    3. Niu, X.,
    4. Zhang, H.,
    5. Zhang, P., &
    6. Liu, J.

    (2017). INS-aided tracking with FFT frequency discriminator for weak GPS signal under dynamic environments. GPS Solutions, 21(3), 917–926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0579-0
47. ↵
    1. Yang, C.,
    2. Soloviev, A.,
    3. Vadlamani, A., &
    4. Ha, J. C.

    (2022). Coherent combining and long coherent integration for BOC signal acquisition under strong interference. NAVIGATION, 69(1). https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.508