Authentication of Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems with Over-the-Air Rekeying Schemes

Jason Anderson; Sherman Lo; Andrew Neish,; Todd Walter

doi:10.33012/navi.595

REFERENCES

↵
1. Anderson, J.,
2. Lo, S.,
3. Neish, A., &
4. Walter, T.
(2021). On SBAS authentication with over-the-air rekeying schemes. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO. 4288–4304. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.18132
↵
1. Anderson, J.,
2. Lo, S., &
3. Walter, T.
(2022). Efficient and secure use of cryptography for watermarked signal authentication. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2022), Long Beach, CA. 68–82. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18228
↵
1. Ardizzon, F.,
2. Laurenti, N.,
3. Sarto, C., &
4. Gamba, G.
(2022). It’s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/its-galileo-time-options-for-crystal-oscillators-in-osnma-enabled-receivers/
↵
1. Boneh, D., &
2. Shoup, V.
(2017). A graduate course in applied cryptography. Retrieved from: https://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/cryptobook/BonehShoup_0_4.pdf
↵
1. Cancela, S.,
2. Calle, J. D., &
3. Fernández-Hernández, I.
(2019). CPU consumption analysis of TESLA-based navigation message authentication. Proc. of the European Navigation Conference (ENC 2019), Warsaw, Poland. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EURONAV.2019.8714171
↵
1. Caparra, G.,
2. Sturaro, S.,
3. Laurenti, N., &
4. Wullems, C.
(2016). Evaluating the security of one-way key chains in TESLA-based GNSS navigation message authentication schemes. Proc. of the International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS 2016), Barcelona, Spain. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533685
↵
1. Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
2. Calle, D.,
3. Cancela, S.,
4. Fernández, A.,
5. Martínez, R.,
6. Seco-Granados, G., &
7. Walker, P.
(2017). Fountain codes for GNSS. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, OR. 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.33012/2017.15368
↵
1. Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
2. Walter, T.,
3. Alexander, K.,
4. Clark, B.,
5. Châtre, E.,
6. Hegarty, C.,
7. Appel, M., &
8. Meurer, M.
(2019). Increasing international civil aviation resilience: A proposal for nomenclature, categorization and treatment of new interference threats. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2019), Reston, VA. 389–407. https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16699
↵
1. Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
2. Walter, T.,
3. Neish, A.,
4. Anderson, J.,
5. Mabilleau, M.,
6. Vecchione, G., &
7. Châtre, E.
(2021). SBAS message authentication: A review of protocols, figures of merit and standardization plans. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2021). 111–124. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17829
↵
1. Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
2. Walter, T.,
3. Neish, A., &
4. O’Driscoll, C.
(2020). Independent time synchronization for resilient GNSS receivers. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2020), San Diego, CA. 964–978. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17190
↵
1. Fernández-Hernández, I.,
2. Rijmen, V.,
3. Seco-Granados, G.,
4. Simon, J.,
5. Rodríguez, I., &
6. Calle, J. D.
(2016). A navigation message authentication proposal for the galileo open service. NAVIGATION, 63(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.125
↵
1. Jan, S.-S.,
2. Chan, W.,
3. Walter, T., &
4. Enge, P.
(2001). Matlab simulation toolset for SBAS availability analysis. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/papers/Jan_IONGPS_2001.pdf
↵
1. Neish, A.
(2020). Establishing trust through authentication in satellite based augmentation systems [Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/theses/Neish-Thesis-Final.pdf
↵
1. Neish, A.,
2. Walter, T., &
3. Enge, P.
(2019). Quantum-resistant authentication algorithms for satellite-based augmentation systems. NAVIGATION, 66(1), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.287
↵
1. Neish, A.,
2. Walter, T., &
3. Powell, J. D.
(2019). Design and analysis of a public key infrastructure for SBAS data authentication. NAVIGATION, 66(4), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.338
↵
1. O’Hanlon, B.,
2. Rushanan, J. J.,
3. Hegarty, C.,
4. Anderson, J.,
5. Walter, T., &
6. Lo, S.
(2022). SBAS signal authentication. Proc. of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, CO. 3369–3377. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18443
↵
1. Perrig, A.,
2. Song, D.,
3. Canetti, R.,
4. Tygar, J., &
5. Briscoe, B.
(2005). Timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (TESLA): Multicast source authentication transform introduction. Request For Comments, 4082. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4082
↵
1. Peyrin, T.,
2. Sasaki, Y., &
3. Wang, L.
(2012). Generic related-key attacks for HMAC. In X. Wang & K. Sako (Eds.), Advances in cryptology – asiacrypt 2012. 580–597. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/684.pdf
↵
1. Psiaki, M. L., &
2. Humphreys, T. E.
(2016). GNSS spoofing and detection. Proc. of the IEEE, 104(6), 1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658
↵
1. Various
. (2021). Galileo open service navigation message authentication (OSNMA) user ICD for the test phase. In (Vol. 1). https://www.gsc-europa.eu/sites/default/files/sites/all/files/Galileo_OSNMA_User_ICD_for_Test_Phase_v1.0.pdf
↵
1. Walter, T.,
2. Anderson, J., &
3. Lo, S.
(2021). SBAS message schemes to support inline message authentication. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO. 474–484. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17908

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[1] ↵
Anderson, J.,
Lo, S.,
Neish, A., &
Walter, T.
(2021). On SBAS authentication with over-the-air rekeying schemes. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO. 4288–4304. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.18132

[2] Anderson, J.,

[3] Lo, S.,

[4] Neish, A., &

[5] Walter, T.

[6] ↵
Anderson, J.,
Lo, S., &
Walter, T.
(2022). Efficient and secure use of cryptography for watermarked signal authentication. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2022), Long Beach, CA. 68–82. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18228

[7] Anderson, J.,

[8] Lo, S., &

[9] Walter, T.

[10] ↵
Ardizzon, F.,
Laurenti, N.,
Sarto, C., &
Gamba, G.
(2022). It’s Galileo time: Options for crystal oscillators in OSNMA-enabled receivers. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/its-galileo-time-options-for-crystal-oscillators-in-osnma-enabled-receivers/

[11] Ardizzon, F.,

[12] Laurenti, N.,

[13] Sarto, C., &

[14] Gamba, G.

[15] ↵
Boneh, D., &
Shoup, V.
(2017). A graduate course in applied cryptography. Retrieved from: https://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/cryptobook/BonehShoup_0_4.pdf

[16] Boneh, D., &

[17] Shoup, V.

[18] ↵
Cancela, S.,
Calle, J. D., &
Fernández-Hernández, I.
(2019). CPU consumption analysis of TESLA-based navigation message authentication. Proc. of the European Navigation Conference (ENC 2019), Warsaw, Poland. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/EURONAV.2019.8714171

[19] Cancela, S.,

[20] Calle, J. D., &

[21] Fernández-Hernández, I.

[22] ↵
Caparra, G.,
Sturaro, S.,
Laurenti, N., &
Wullems, C.
(2016). Evaluating the security of one-way key chains in TESLA-based GNSS navigation message authentication schemes. Proc. of the International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS 2016), Barcelona, Spain. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533685

[23] Caparra, G.,

[24] Sturaro, S.,

[25] Laurenti, N., &

[26] Wullems, C.

[27] ↵
Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
Calle, D.,
Cancela, S.,
Fernández, A.,
Martínez, R.,
Seco-Granados, G., &
Walker, P.
(2017). Fountain codes for GNSS. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, OR. 1496–1507. https://doi.org/10.33012/2017.15368

[28] Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,

[29] Calle, D.,

[30] Cancela, S.,

[31] Fernández, A.,

[32] Martínez, R.,

[33] Seco-Granados, G., &

[34] Walker, P.

[35] ↵
Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
Walter, T.,
Alexander, K.,
Clark, B.,
Châtre, E.,
Hegarty, C.,
Appel, M., &
Meurer, M.
(2019). Increasing international civil aviation resilience: A proposal for nomenclature, categorization and treatment of new interference threats. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2019), Reston, VA. 389–407. https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.16699

[36] Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,

[37] Walter, T.,

[38] Alexander, K.,

[39] Clark, B.,

[40] Châtre, E.,

[41] Hegarty, C.,

[42] Appel, M., &

[43] Meurer, M.

[44] ↵
Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
Walter, T.,
Neish, A.,
Anderson, J.,
Mabilleau, M.,
Vecchione, G., &
Châtre, E.
(2021). SBAS message authentication: A review of protocols, figures of merit and standardization plans. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2021). 111–124. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17829

[45] Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,

[46] Walter, T.,

[47] Neish, A.,

[48] Anderson, J.,

[49] Mabilleau, M.,

[50] Vecchione, G., &

[51] Châtre, E.

[52] ↵
Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
Walter, T.,
Neish, A., &
O’Driscoll, C.
(2020). Independent time synchronization for resilient GNSS receivers. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation (ITM 2020), San Diego, CA. 964–978. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17190

[53] Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,

[54] Walter, T.,

[55] Neish, A., &

[56] O’Driscoll, C.

[57] ↵
Fernández-Hernández, I.,
Rijmen, V.,
Seco-Granados, G.,
Simon, J.,
Rodríguez, I., &
Calle, J. D.
(2016). A navigation message authentication proposal for the galileo open service. NAVIGATION, 63(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.125

[58] Fernández-Hernández, I.,

[59] Rijmen, V.,

[60] Seco-Granados, G.,

[61] Simon, J.,

[62] Rodríguez, I., &

[63] Calle, J. D.

[64] ↵
Jan, S.-S.,
Chan, W.,
Walter, T., &
Enge, P.
(2001). Matlab simulation toolset for SBAS availability analysis. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/papers/Jan_IONGPS_2001.pdf

[65] Jan, S.-S.,

[66] Chan, W.,

[67] Walter, T., &

[68] Enge, P.

[69] ↵
Neish, A.
(2020). Establishing trust through authentication in satellite based augmentation systems [Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/theses/Neish-Thesis-Final.pdf

[70] Neish, A.

[71] ↵
Neish, A.,
Walter, T., &
Enge, P.
(2019). Quantum-resistant authentication algorithms for satellite-based augmentation systems. NAVIGATION, 66(1), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.287

[72] Neish, A.,

[73] Walter, T., &

[74] Enge, P.

[75] ↵
Neish, A.,
Walter, T., &
Powell, J. D.
(2019). Design and analysis of a public key infrastructure for SBAS data authentication. NAVIGATION, 66(4), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.338

[76] Neish, A.,

[77] Walter, T., &

[78] Powell, J. D.

[79] ↵
O’Hanlon, B.,
Rushanan, J. J.,
Hegarty, C.,
Anderson, J.,
Walter, T., &
Lo, S.
(2022). SBAS signal authentication. Proc. of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, CO. 3369–3377. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18443

[80] O’Hanlon, B.,

[81] Rushanan, J. J.,

[82] Hegarty, C.,

[83] Anderson, J.,

[84] Walter, T., &

[85] Lo, S.

[86] ↵
Perrig, A.,
Song, D.,
Canetti, R.,
Tygar, J., &
Briscoe, B.
(2005). Timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (TESLA): Multicast source authentication transform introduction. Request For Comments, 4082. https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4082

[87] Perrig, A.,

[88] Song, D.,

[89] Canetti, R.,

[90] Tygar, J., &

[91] Briscoe, B.

[92] ↵
Peyrin, T.,
Sasaki, Y., &
Wang, L.
(2012). Generic related-key attacks for HMAC. In X. Wang & K. Sako (Eds.), Advances in cryptology – asiacrypt 2012. 580–597. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/684.pdf

[93] Peyrin, T.,

[94] Sasaki, Y., &

[95] Wang, L.

[96] ↵
Psiaki, M. L., &
Humphreys, T. E.
(2016). GNSS spoofing and detection. Proc. of the IEEE, 104(6), 1258–1270. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2526658

[97] Psiaki, M. L., &

[98] Humphreys, T. E.

[99] ↵
Various
. (2021). Galileo open service navigation message authentication (OSNMA) user ICD for the test phase. In (Vol. 1). https://www.gsc-europa.eu/sites/default/files/sites/all/files/Galileo_OSNMA_User_ICD_for_Test_Phase_v1.0.pdf

[100] Various

[101] ↵
Walter, T.,
Anderson, J., &
Lo, S.
(2021). SBAS message schemes to support inline message authentication. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO. 474–484. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17908

[102] Walter, T.,

[103] Anderson, J., &

[104] Lo, S.

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