Research ArticleOriginal Article
Open Access

GNSS Software-Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, and Standardization Efforts

Thomas Pany, Dennis Akos, Javier Arribas, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Pau Closas, Fabio Dovis, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, Carles Fernández–Prades, Sanjeev Gunawardena, Todd Humphreys, Zaher M. Kassas, José A. López Salcedo, Mario Nicola, Mark L. Psiaki, Alexander Rügamer, Young-Jin Song, and Jong-Hoon Won
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation March 2024, 71 (1) navi.628; DOI: https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.628

REFERENCES

  1. ↵
    1. Abdallah, A., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2021). Multipath mitigation via synthetic aperture beamforming for indoor and deep urban navigation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 70(9), 8838–8853. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2021.3094807
  2. ↵
    1. Abdallah, A., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2022). Opportunistic navigation using sub-6 GHz 5G downlink signals: A case study on a ground vehicle. Proc. of the 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Madrid, Spain, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.23919/EuCAP53622.2022.9769276
  3. ↵
    1. Abdallah, A.,
    2. Kassas, Z., &
    3. Lee, C.
    (2022). Demo: I am not afraid of the GPS jammer: Exploiting cellular signals for accurate ground vehicle navigation in a GPS-denied environment. Proc. of the Workshop on Automotive and Autonomous Vehicle Security (AutoSec), San Diego, CA, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.14722/autosec.2022.23049
  4. ↵
    1. Akos, D., &
    2. Braasch, M.
    (1996). A software radio approach to global navigation satellite system receiver design. Proc. of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Cambridge, MA, 455–463. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=1104
  5. ↵
    1. Akos, D. M.
    (1997). A software radio approach to global navigation satellite system receiver design [Doctoral dissertation, Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University]. https://web.stanford.edu/group/scpnt/gpslab/pubs/theses/DennisAkosThesis97.pdf
  6. ↵
    1. Akos, D. M.,
    2. Normark, P.-L.,
    3. Enge, P.,
    4. Hansson, A., &
    5. Rosenlind, A.
    (2001). Real-time GPS software radio receiver. Proc. of the 2001 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, CA, 809–816. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=194
  7. ↵
    1. Akos, D. M.,
    2. Stockmaster, M.,
    3. Tsui, J. B., &
    4. Caschera, J.
    (1999). Direct bandpass sampling of multiple distinct RF signals. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 47(7), 983–988. https://doi.org/10.1109/26.774848
  8. ↵
    1. Anonymous
    . (2017). RFC1 comments and responses. https://sdr.ion.org/RFC1_Comments_Responses.html
  9. ↵
    1. Arizabaleta, M.,
    2. Ernest, H.,
    3. Dampf, J.,
    4. Kraus, T.,
    5. Sanchez-Morales, D.,
    6. Dötterböck, D.,
    7. Schütz, A., &
    8. Pany, T.
    (2021). Recent enhancements of the multi-sensor navigation analysis tool (MuSNAT). Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO, 2733–2753. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17960
  10. ↵
    1. Bernabeu, J.,
    2. Palafox, F.,
    3. Li, Y., &
    4. Akos, D.
    (2022). A collection of SDRs for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Proc. of the 2022 International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, CA, 906–919. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18230
  11. ↵
    1. Bhuiyan, M.,
    2. Söderholm, S.,
    3. Thombre, S.,
    4. Ruotsalainen, L., &
    5. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2015). Performance analysis of a dual frequency software-defined BeiDou receiver with B1 and B2 signals. Proc. of the China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC), Xi’an, China, 827–839. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46638-4_72
  12. ↵
    1. Bhuiyan, M. Z.,
    2. Söderholm, S.,
    3. Thombre, S.,
    4. Ruotsalainen, L., &
    5. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2014). Overcoming the challenges of BeiDou receiver implementation. Sensors, 14(11), 22082–22098. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141122082
  13. ↵
    1. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    2. Söderholm, S.,
    3. Thombre, S., &
    4. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2022). BeiDou B1I receiver processing. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 153–163. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.007
  14. ↵
    1. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    2. Söderholm, S.,
    3. Ferrara, G.,
    4. Kirkko-Jaakkola, M.,
    5. Kuusniemi, H.,
    6. López-Salcedo, J. A., &
    7. Fernández-Hernández, I.
    (2022). Galileo E1 receiver processing. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 140–152. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.006
  15. ↵
    1. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    2. Honkala, S.,
    3. Söderholm, S., &
    4. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2022). GLONASS L1OF receiver processing. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 126–139. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.005
  16. ↵
    1. Bochkati, M.,
    2. Dampf, J., &
    3. Pany, T.
    (2022). On the use of multi-correlator values as sufficient statistics as basis for flexible ultra-tight GNSS/INS integration developments. Proc. of the 2022 25th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), Linköping, Sweden, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.23919/FUSION49751.2022.9841253
  17. ↵
    1. Bochkati, M.,
    2. Dampf, J., &
    3. Pany, T.
    (2023). Receiver clock estimation for RTK-grade multi-GNSS multifrequency synthetic aperture processing. Proc. of the 2023 IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, 968–976. https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS53410.2023.10140032
  18. ↵
    1. Borre, K.
    (2003). The GPS Easy Suite—Matlab code for the GPS newcomer. GPS Solutions, 7(1), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-003-0049-3
  19. ↵
    1. Borre, K.
    (2009). GPS Easy Suite II. Inside GNSS, 2, 48–51. https://www.insidegnss.com/pdf/EasySuite.pdf
  20. ↵
    1. Borre, K.,
    2. Akos, D.,
    3. Bertelsen, N.,
    4. Rinder, P., &
    5. Jensen, S. H.
    (2007). A software-defined GPS and Galileo receiver, single frequency approach. Birkhäuser. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4540-3
  21. ↵
    1. Borre, K.,
    2. Fernandez-Hernandez, I.,
    3. Lopez-Salcedo, J. A., &
    4. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.
    (Eds.). (2022). GNSS software receivers. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176
  22. ↵
    1. Borre, K.,
    2. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    3. Söderholm, S.,
    4. Kuusniemi, H.,
    5. Fernández-Hernández, I., &
    6. López-Salcedo, J. A.
    (2022). GPS L1 C/A receiver processing. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 108–125. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.004
  23. ↵
    1. Chen, X.,
    2. Wei, Q.,
    3. Wang, F.,
    4. Jun, Z.,
    5. Wu, S., &
    6. Men, A.
    (2020). Super-resolution time of arrival estimation for a symbiotic FM radio data system. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 66(4), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBC.2019.2957666
  24. ↵
    1. Clements, Z.,
    2. Iannucci, P. A.,
    3. Humphreys, T. E., &
    4. Pany, T.
    (2021). Optimized bit-packing for bit-wise software-defined GNSS radio. Proc. of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021), St. Louis, MO, 3749–3771. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.18015
  25. ↵
    1. Curran, J. T.,
    2. Fernández–Prades, C.,
    3. Morrison, A., &
    4. Bavaro, M.
    (2018). Innovation: The continued evolution of the GNSS software-defined radio. GPS World, 29(1), 43–49. https://www.gpsworld.com/innovation-the-continued-evolution-of-the-gnss-software-defined-radio/
  26. ↵
    1. Dampf, J.,
    2. Pany, T.,
    3. Bär, W.,
    4. Winkel, J.,
    5. Stöber, C.,
    6. Fürlinger, K.,
    7. Closas, P., &
    8. Garcia-Molina, J. A.
    (2015). More than we ever dreamed possible: Processor technology for GNSS software receivers in the year 2015. Inside GNSS, 10(4), 62–72. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289355114_More_Than_We_Ever_Dreamed_Possible_Processor_Technology_for_GNSS_Software_Receivers_in_the_Year_2015
  27. ↵
    1. del Peral-Rosado, J.,
    2. Estatuet-Castillo, R.,
    3. López-Salcedo, J.,
    4. Seco-Granados, G.,
    5. Chaloupka, Z.,
    6. Ries, L., &
    7. Garcoa-Molina, J.
    (2017). Evaluation of hybrid positioning scenarios for autonomous vehicle applications. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, OR, 2541–2553. https://doi.org/10.33012/2017.15220
    1. del Peral-Rosado, J.,
    2. Lopez-Salcedo, J.,
    3. Seco-Granados, G.,
    4. Zanier, F.,
    5. Crosta, P.,
    6. Ioannides, R., &
    7. Crisci, M.
    (2013). Software-defined radio LTE positioning receiver towards future hybrid localization systems. Proc. of the 31st AIAA International Communication Satellite Systems Conference, Florence, Italy, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-5610
  29. ↵
    1. del Peral-Rosado, J.,
    2. Nolle, P.,
    3. Razavi, S.,
    4. Lindmark, G.,
    5. Shrestha, D.,
    6. Gunnarsson, F.,
    7. Kaltenberger, F.,
    8. Sirola, N.,
    9. Särkkä, O.,
    10. Roström, J.,
    11. Vaarala, K.,
    12. Miettinen, P.,
    13. Pjoani, G.,
    14. Canzian, L.,
    15. Babaroglu, H.,
    16. Rastorgueva-Foi, E.,
    17. Talvitie, J., &
    18. Flachs, D.
    (2022). Design considerations of dedicated and aerial 5G networks for enhanced positioning services. Proc. of the 10th Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technology (NAVITEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC53682.2022.9847557
  30. ↵
    1. Diouf, C.,
    2. Janssen, G.,
    3. Dun, H.,
    4. Kazaz, T., &
    5. Tiberius, C.
    (2021). A USRP-based testbed for wideband ranging and positioning signal acquisition. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3065449
    CrossRef
  31. ↵
    1. Diouf, C.,
    2. Janssen, G.,
    3. Kazaz, T.,
    4. Dun, H.,
    5. Chamanzadeh, F., &
    6. Tiberius, C.
    (2019). A 400 Msps SDR platform for prototyping accurate wideband ranging techniques. Proc. of the 16th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communications (WPNC), Bremen, Germany, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WPNC47567.2019.8970251
  32. ↵
    1. Donaldson, J. E.,
    2. Parker, J. J.,
    3. Moreau, M. C.,
    4. Highsmith, D. E., &
    5. Martzen, P. D.
    (2020). Characterization of on-orbit GPS transmit antenna patterns for space users. NAVIGATION, 67(2), 411–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.361
  33. ↵
    1. Dovis, F.,
    2. Linty, N.,
    3. Berardo, M.,
    4. Cristodaro, C.,
    5. Minetto, A.,
    6. Nguyen Hong, L.,
    7. Pini, M.,
    8. Falco, G.,
    9. Falletti, E.,
    10. Margaria, D.,
    11. Marucco, G.,
    12. Motella, B.,
    13. Nicola, M., &
    14. Gamba, M. T.
    (2017). Anomalous GPS signals reported from SVN49. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/anomalous-gps-signals-reported-from-svn49/
  34. ↵
    1. Dovis, F.,
    2. Minetto, A.,
    3. Nardin, A.,
    4. Falletti, E.,
    5. Margaria, D.,
    6. Nicola, M., &
    7. Vannucchi, M.
    (2019). What happened when Galileo experienced a week-long service outage. GPS World. https://www.gpsworld.com/why-galileo-experienced-a-week-long-service-outage
  35. ↵
    1. Dötterböck, D.,
    2. Pany, T.,
    3. Lesjak, R.,
    4. Prechtl, T., &
    5. Tabatabaei, A.
    (2023). PRN sequence estimation with a self-calibrating 40-element antenna array. NAVIGATION, 70(4). https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.600
    1. Driusso, M.,
    2. Marshall, C.,
    3. Sabathy, M.,
    4. Knutti, F.,
    5. Mathis, H., &
    6. Babich, F.
    (2017). Vehicular position tracking using LTE signals. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66(4), 3376–3391. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2589463
  37. ↵
    1. Eissfeller, B., &
    2. Won, J.-H.
    (2017). Receiver architecture. In P. J. Teunissen & O. Montenbruck (Eds.), Springer handbook of global navigation satellite systems, 365–400. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1
  38. ↵
    1. European Union Agency for the Space Programme
    . (2018). GNSS User Technology Report. https://www.gsa.europa.eu/system/files/reports/gnss_user_tech_report_2018.pdf
  39. ↵
    1. Farhangian, F.,
    2. Benzerrouk, H., &
    3. Landry, R.
    (2021). Opportunistic in-flight INS alignment using LEO satellites and a rotatory IMU platform. Aerospace, 8(10), 280–281. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8100280
  40. ↵
    1. Farhangian, F., &
    2. Landry, R.
    (2020). Multi-constellation software-defined receiver for Doppler positioning with LEO satellites. Sensors, 20(20), 5866–5883. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205866
  41. ↵
    1. Fernández–Prades, C.,
    2. Arribas, J., &
    3. Closas, P.
    (2016a). Accelerating GNSS software receivers. Proc. of the 29th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS + 2016), Portland, OR, 44–61. https://doi.org/10.33012/2016.14576
  43. ↵
    1. Fernández–Prades, C.,
    2. Arribas, J., &
    3. Closas, P.
    (2016b). Assessment of software-defined GNSS receivers. Proc. of the 2016 8th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC.2016.7931740
  44. ↵
    1. Fernández–Prades, C.,
    2. Closas, P., &
    3. Arribas, J.
    (2013). Turning a television into a GNSS receiver. Proc. of the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2013), Nashville, TN, 1492–1507. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=11334
  45. ↵
    1. Fernández–Prades, C.,
    2. Vilà-Valls, J.,
    3. Arribas, J., &
    4. Ramos, A.
    (2018). Continuous reproducibility in GNSS signal processing. IEEE Access, 6(1), 20451–20463. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2822835
  46. ↵
    1. FGI
    . (2022). The FGI-GSRx software defined GNSS receiver goes open source. https://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/en/topical_issues/fgi-gsrx-software-defined-gnss-receiver-goes-open-source
  47. ↵
    1. Foerster, F., &
    2. Pany, T.
    (2013). Device and method for producing a data stream on the basis of data packets provided with packet sequence marks, and satellite receivers for providing the data stream (U.S. Patent No. 8451170; German Patent No. 102008014981). https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110050491
  48. ↵
    1. Fokin, G., &
    2. Volgushev, D.
    (2022). Software-defined radio network positioning technology design. Problem statement. Proc. of Systems of Signals Generating and Processing in the Field of on Board Communications, Moscow, Russian Federation, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEECONF53456.2022.9744391
  49. ↵
    1. Gamba, M. T.,
    2. Marucco, G.,
    3. Pini, M.,
    4. Ugazio, S.,
    5. Falletti, E., &
    6. Lo Presti, L.
    (2015). Prototyping a GNSS-based passive radar for UAVs: An instrument to classify the water content feature of lands. Sensors, 15(11), 28287–28313. https://doi.org/10.3390/s151128287
  50. ↵
    1. Gamba, M. T.,
    2. Nicola, M., &
    3. Falletti, E.
    (2015). eNGene: An ARM based embedded real-time software GNSS receiver. Proc. of the 28th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2015), Tampa, FL, 3178–3187. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=12891
  51. ↵
    1. Gamba, M. T.,
    2. Nicola, M., &
    3. Motella, B.
    (2020a). Galileo OSNMA: An implementation for ARM-based embedded platforms. Proc. of the 2020 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Tampere, Finland, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS49876.2020.9115539
  52. ↵
    1. Gamba, M. T.,
    2. Nicola, M., &
    3. Motella, B.
    (2020b). GPS Chimera: A software profiling analysis. Proc. of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), 3781–3793. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17717
  53. ↵
    1. Gómez-Casco, D.,
    2. López-Salcedo, J. A., &
    3. Seco-Granados, G.
    (2016). Generalized integration techniques for high-sensitivity GNSS receivers affected by oscillator phase noise. Proc. of the 2016 IEEE Statistical Signal Processing Workshop (SSP), Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSP.2016.7551809
  54. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.
    (2013). A universal GNSS software receiver MATLAB® toolbox for education and research. Proc. of the 26th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2013), Nashville, TN, 1560–1576. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=11230
  55. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.
    (2014). A universal GNSS software receiver toolbox. Inside GNSS, 58–67. https://insidegnss.com/a-universal-gnss-software-receiver-toolbox/
  56. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.
    (2021). A high performance easily configurable satnav SDR for advanced algorithm development and rapid capability deployment. Proc. of the 2021 International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, 539–554. https://doi.org/10.33012/2021.17808
  57. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.,
    2. Pany, T., &
    3. Curran, J.
    (2021). ION GNSS software-defined radio metadata standard. NAVIGATION, 68(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.407
  58. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.,
    2. Soloviev, A., &
    3. van Graas, F.
    (2004). Real time implementation of deeply integrated software GPS receiver and low cost IMU for processing low-CNR GPS signals. Proc. of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Dayton, OH, 108–114. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5602
  59. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.,
    2. Soloviev, A., &
    3. van Graas, F.
    (2007). Wideband transform-domain GPS instrumentation receiver for signal quality and anomalous event monitoring. NAVIGATION, 54(4), 317–331. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=102456
    1. Gunawardena, S., &
    2. van Graas, F.
    (2006). Split-sum correlator simplifies range computations in GPS receiver. Electronics Letters, 42, 1469–1471. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20062921
  61. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S., &
    2. van Graas, F.
    (2011). Multi-channel wideband GPS anomalous event monitor. Proc. of the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2011), Portland, OR, 1957–1968. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=9744
  62. ↵
    1. Gunawardena, S.,
    2. Zhu, Z.,
    3. Uijt de Haag, M., &
    4. van Graas, F.
    (2009). Remote-controlled, continuously operating GPS anomalous event monitor. NAVIGATION, 56(2), 97–113. https://www.ION.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=102491
  63. ↵
    1. Hamza, G.,
    2. Zekry, A., &
    3. Motawie, I.
    (2009). Implementation of a complete GPS receiver using Simulink. IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, 9(4), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCAS.2009.934706
  64. ↵
    1. Hobiger, T.,
    2. Gotoh, T.,
    3. Amagai, J.,
    4. Koyama, Y., &
    5. Kondo, T.
    (2010). A GPU based real-time GPS software receiver. GPS solutions, 14(2), 207–216. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0135-2
  65. ↵
    1. Honkala, S.
    (2016). GLONASS satellite navigation signal implementation in a software-defined multi-constellation satellite navigation receiver [Unpublished Master’s thesis, Aalto University]. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/20169/master_Honkala_Salomon_2016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  66. ↵
    1. Humphreys, T.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Kintner, P., &
    4. Ledvina, B.
    (2006, September). GNSS receiver implementation on a DSP: Status, challenges, and prospects. Proc. of the 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2006), Fort Worth, TX, 2370–2382. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=7061
  67. ↵
    1. Humphreys, T. E.,
    2. Bhatti, J.,
    3. Pany, T.,
    4. Ledvina, B., &
    5. O’Hanlon, B.
    (2009). Exploiting multicore technology in software defined GNSS receivers. Proc. of the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2009), Savannah, GA, 326–338. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=8436
  68. ↵
    1. Humphreys, T. E.,
    2. Ledvina, B. M.,
    3. Psiaki, M. L.,
    4. O’Hanlon, B. W., &
    5. Kintner, P. M., Jr.
    (2008). Assessing the spoofing threat: Development of a portable GPS civilian spoofer. Proc. of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2008), Savannah, GA, 2314–2325. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=8132
  69. ↵
    1. Humphreys, T. E.,
    2. Murrian, M. J., &
    3. Narula, L.
    (2020). Deep-urban unaided precise global navigation satellite system vehicle positioning. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 12(3), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITS.2020.2994121
  70. ↵
    1. IFEN GmbH
    . (2022). SX3 GNSS Software Receiver — ifen.com. https://www.ifen.com/receivers/sx3-gnss-software-receiver/
  71. ↵
    1. Ikhtiari, N.
    (2019). Navigation in GNSS denied environments using software defined radios and LTE signals of opportunities [Master’s thesis, University of Canterbury]. UC Library Repository. http://dx.doi.org/10.26021/3061
  72. ↵
    1. ION SDR Working Group
    . (2020). Global navigation satellite systems software defined radio sampled data metadata standard, revision 1.0. https://sdr.ion.org
  73. ↵
    1. iPosi Inc
    . (2015). iPosi GNSS signal processing and assistance; performance. https://iposi.com/technology/
  74. ↵
    1. Jiménez-Baños, D.,
    2. Blanco-Delgado, N.,
    3. López-Risueño, G.,
    4. Seco-Granados, G., & Garcia-
    5. Rodriguez, A.
    (2006). Innovative techniques for GPS indoor positioning using a snapshot receiver. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2006), Fort Worth, TX, 2944–2955. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6834
  75. ↵
    1. Kang, T.,
    2. Lee, H., &
    3. Seo, J.
    (2019). Analysis of the maximum correlation peak value and RSRQ in LTE signals according to frequency bands and sampling frequencies. Proc. of the 2019 19th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Jeju, Korea (South), 1182–1186. https://doi.org/10.23919/ICCAS47443.2019.8971462
  76. ↵
    1. Kaplan, E.
    (1996). Understanding GPS principles and applications. Artech House Publishers.
  77. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Abdallah, A.,
    3. Lee, C.,
    4. Jurado, J.,
    5. Duede, J.,
    6. Hoeffner, Z.,
    7. Hulsey, T.,
    8. Quirarte, R., &
    9. Tay, R.
    (2022). Protecting the skies: GNSS-less accurate aircraft navigation with terrestrial cellular signals of opportunity. Proc. of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, CO, 1014–1025. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18579
  78. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Bhatti, J., &
    3. Humphreys, T.
    (2013). A graphical approach to GPS software-defined receiver implementation. Proc. of the 2013 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing, Austin, TX, 1226–1229. https://doi.org/10.1109/GlobalSIP.2013.6737129
  79. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Khalife, J.,
    3. Abdallah, A., &
    4. Lee, C.
    (2020). I am not afraid of the jammer: Navigating with signals of opportunity in GPS-denied environments. Proc. of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020), 1566–1585. https://doi.org/10.33012/2020.17737
  80. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Khalife, J.,
    3. Abdallah, A., &
    4. Lee, C.
    (2022). I am not afraid of the GPS jammer: Resilient navigation via signals of opportunity in GPS-denied environments. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 37(7), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2022.3154110
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Khalife, J.,
    3. Abdallah, A.,
    4. Lee, C.,
    5. Jurado, J.,
    6. Wachtel, S.,
    7. Duede, J.,
    8. Hoeffner, Z.,
    9. Hulsey, T.,
    10. Quirarte, R., &
    11. Tay, R.
    (2022). Assessment of cellular signals of opportunity for high altitude aircraft navigation. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 37(10), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2022.3187142
  82. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Khalife, J.,
    3. Shamaei, K., &
    4. Morales, J.
    (2017). I hear, therefore I know where I am: Compensating for GNSS limitations with cellular signals. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 34(5), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2017.2715363
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Kozhaya, S.,
    3. Saroufim, J.,
    4. Kanj, H., &
    5. Hayek, S.
    (2023). A look at the stars: Navigation with multi-constellation LEO satellite signals of opportunity. Inside GNSS Magazine, 18(4), 38–47. https://insidegnss.com/a-look-at-the-stars-navigation-with-multi-constellation-leo-satellite-signals-of-opportunity/
  84. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Morales, J., &
    3. Khalife, J.
    (2019). New-age satellite-based navigation – STAN: Simultaneous tracking and navigation with LEO satellite signals. Inside GNSS, 14(4), 56–65. https://insidegnss.com/new-age-satellite-based-navigation-stan-simultaneous-tracking-and-navigation-with-leo-satellite-signals/
  85. ↵
    1. Kassas, Z.,
    2. Neinavaie, M.,
    3. Khalife, J.,
    4. Khairallah, N.,
    5. Haidar-Ahmad, J.,
    6. Kozhaya, S., &
    7. Shadram, Z.
    (2021). Enter LEO on the GNSS stage: Navigation with Starlink satellites. Inside GNSS, 16(6), 42–51. https://insidegnss.com/enter-leo-on-the-gnss-stage-navigation-with-starlink-satellites/
    1. Khalife, J., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2018). Precise UAV navigation with cellular carrier phase measurements. Proc. of the 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, 978–989. https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS.2018.8373476
  87. ↵
    1. Khalife, J., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2022). On the achievability of submeter-accurate UAV navigation with cellular signals exploiting loose network synchronization. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(5), 4261–4278. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2022.3162770
  88. ↵
    1. Khalife, J.,
    2. Neinavaie, M., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2022). The first carrier phase tracking and positioning results with Starlink LEO satellite signals. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 56(2), 1487–1491. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3113880
  89. ↵
    1. Khalife, J.,
    2. Shamaei, K., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2018). Navigation with cellular CDMA signals – part I: Signal modeling and software-defined receiver design. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 66(8), 2191–2203. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2018.2799167
  90. ↵
    1. Lapin, I.,
    2. Granados, G.,
    3. Samson, J.,
    4. Renaudin, O.,
    5. Zanier, F., &
    6. Ries, L.
    (2022). STARE: Real-time software receiver for LTE and 5G NR positioning and signal monitoring. Proc. of the Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technology (NAVITEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC53682.2022.9847544
  91. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Powell, S.,
    3. Kintner, P., &
    4. Psiaki, M.
    (2003). A 12-channel real-time GPS L1 software receiver1. Proc. of the 2003 National Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Anaheim, CA, 767–782. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=3823
  92. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Humphreys, T.,
    4. Powell, S., &
    5. Kintner, P.
    (2006). A real-time software receiver for the GPS and Galileo L1 signals. Proc. of the 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2006), Fort Worth, TX, 2321–2333. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6942
  93. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Powell, S., &
    4. Kintner, P.
    (2004). Bit-wise parallel algorithms for efficient software correlation applied to a GPS software receiver. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 3(5), 1469–1473. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2004.833467
  94. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Powell, S., &
    4. Kintner, P.
    (2006). Real-time software receiver (U.S. Patent No. 7010060). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US7010060/en
  95. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Powell, S., &
    4. Kintner, P.
    (2007). Real-time software receiver (U.S. Patent No. 7305021). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US7305021B2/en
  96. ↵
    1. Ledvina, B.,
    2. Psiaki, M.,
    3. Sheinfeld, D.,
    4. Cerruti, A.,
    5. Powell, S., &
    6. Kintner, P.
    (2004). A real-time GPS civilian L1/L2 software receiver. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2004), Long Beach, CA, 986–1005. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5775
  97. ↵
    1. Lightsey, G.,
    2. Humphreys, T.,
    3. Bhatti, J.,
    4. Joplin, A.,
    5. O’Hanlon, B., &
    6. Powell, S.
    (2014). Demonstration of a space capable miniature dual frequency GNSS receiver. NAVIGATION, 61(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.52
  98. ↵
    1. Locubiche-Serra, S.,
    2. López-Salcedo, J. A., &
    3. Seco-Granados, G.
    (2016). Statistical near-far detection techniques for GNSS snapshot receivers. Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China, 6570–6574. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2016.7472943
  99. ↵
    1. Locus Lock
    . (2022). Reliable, accurate, and intelligent GPS lock. https://locuslock.com
  100. ↵
    1. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    2. Capelle, Y.,
    3. Toledo, M.,
    4. Seco, G.,
    5. López-Vicario, J.,
    6. Kubrak, D.,
    7. Monnerat, M.,
    8. Mark, A., &
    9. Jiménez, D.
    (2008). DINGPOS: A hybrid indoor navigation platform for GPS and Galileo. Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2008), Savannah, GA, 1780–1791. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=8090
  101. ↵
    1. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    2. Parro-Jiménez, J. M., &
    3. Seco-Granados, G.
    (2009). Multipath detection metrics and attenuation analysis using a GPS snapshot receiver in harsh environments. Proc. of the 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Berlin, Germany, 3692–3696. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5068391
  102. ↵
    1. Lucas-Sabola, V.,
    2. Seco-Granados, G.,
    3. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    4. García-Molina, J., &
    5. Crisci, M.
    (2017). Efficiency analysis of cloud GNSS signal processing for IoT applications. Proc. of the 30th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, OR, 3843–3852. https://doi.org/10.33012/2017.15237
  103. ↵
    1. Lucas-Sabola, V.,
    2. Seco-Granados, G.,
    3. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    4. García-Molina, J. A., &
    5. Crisci, M.
    (2016, June). Cloud GNSS receivers: New advanced applications made possible. Proc. of the 2016 International Conference on Localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS), Barcelona, Spain, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICL-GNSS.2016.7533852
  104. ↵
    1. Maaref, M., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2020). Ground vehicle navigation in GNSS-challenged environments using signals of opportunity and a closed-loop map-matching approach. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 21(7), 2723–2723. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2907851
  105. ↵
    1. Maaref, M., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2022). Autonomous integrity monitoring for vehicular navigation with cellular signals of opportunity and an IMU. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(6), 5586–5601. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2021.3055200
  106. ↵
    1. Maaref, M.,
    2. Khalife, J., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2019). Lane-level localization and mapping in GNSS-challenged environments by fusing Lidar data and cellular pseudoranges. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 4(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2018.2886688
  107. ↵
    1. Manzano-Jurado, M.,
    2. Alegre-Rubio, J.,
    3. Pellacani, A.,
    4. Seco-Granados, G.,
    5. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    6. Guerrero, E., &
    7. García-Rodríguez, A.
    (2014). Use of weak GNSS signals in a mission to the moon. Proc. of the 2014 7th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), Noordwijk, Netherlands, 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC.2014.7045151
  108. ↵
    1. Margaria, D.,
    2. Linty, N.,
    3. Favenza, A.,
    4. Nicola, M.,
    5. Musumeci, L.,
    6. Falco, G.,
    7. Falletti, E.,
    8. Pini, M.,
    9. Fantino, M., &
    10. Dovis, F.
    (2012). Contact! – First acquisition and tracking of IOV Galileo signals. Inside GNSS, 7, 45–55. https://insidegnss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/IGM_janfeb12-NavSAS.pdf
  109. ↵
    1. McEllroy, J.
    (2006). Navigation using signals of opportunity in the AM transmission band [Master’s thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology]. AFIT Scholar. https://scholar.afit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4453&context=etd
  110. ↵
    1. McEllroy, J.,
    2. Raquet, J., &
    3. Temple, M.
    (2006). Use of a software radio to evaluate signals of opportunity for navigation. Proc. of the 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2006), Fort Worth, TX, 126–133. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6768
    1. Miller, N. S.,
    2. Koza, T. J.,
    3. Morgan, S. C.,
    4. Martin, S. M.,
    5. Neish, A.,
    6. Grayson, R., &
    7. Reid, T.
    (2023). SNAP: A Xona Space Systems and GPS software-defined receiver. Proc. of the 2023 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS53410.2023.10139956
  112. ↵
    1. Minetto, A.,
    2. Dovis, F.,
    3. Vesco, A.,
    4. Garcia-Fernandez, M.,
    5. López-Cruces, À.,
    6. Trigo, J. L.,
    7. Molina, M.,
    8. Pérez-Conesa, A.,
    9. Gáñez-Fernández, J.,
    10. Seco-Granados, G., &
    11. López-Salcedo, J. A.
    (2020). A testbed for GNSS-based positioning and navigation technologies in smart cities: The HANSEL project. Smart Cities, 3(4), 1219–1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040060
  113. ↵
    1. Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea
    . (2021). Launch to become the world’s seventh ‘space powerhouse’! https://www.msit.go.kr/eng/bbs/view.do?sCode=eng&mId=4&mPid=2&pageIndex=36&bbsSeqNo=42&nttSeqNo=568&searchOpt=ALL&searchTxt=
  114. ↵
    1. Mitola, J.
    (1995). The software radio architecture. IEEE Communications Magazine, 33(5), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1109/35.393001
  115. ↵
    1. Molino, A.,
    2. Nicola, M.,
    3. Pini, M., &
    4. Fantino, M.
    (2009). N-GENE GNSS software receiver for acquisition and tracking algorithms validation. Proc. of the 17th European Signal Processing Conference, Glasgow, UK, 2171–2175. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7077862
  116. ↵
    1. Morales, J., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2021). Tightly-coupled inertial navigation system with signals of opportunity aiding. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 57(3), 1930–1948. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3054067
  117. ↵
    1. Morton, Y.,
    2. Jiao, Y., &
    3. Taylor, S.
    (2015). High-latitude and equatorial ionospheric scintillation based on an event-driven multi-GNSS data collection system. Proc. of the 14th International Ionospheric Effects Symposium, Alexandria, VA. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53550046
  118. ↵
    1. Murrian, M. J.,
    2. Narula, L.,
    3. Iannucci, P. A.,
    4. Budzien, S.,
    5. O’Hanlon, B.W.,
    6. Powell, S. P., &
    7. Humphreys, T. E.
    (2021). First results from three years of GNSS interference monitoring from low Earth orbit. NAVIGATION, 68(4), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.449
  119. ↵
    1. Nardin, A.,
    2. Dovis, F., &
    3. Fraire, J.
    (2021). Empowering the tracking performance of LEO-based positioning by means of meta-signals. IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, 5(3), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1109/JRFID.2021.3077082
  120. ↵
    1. Neinavaie, M.,
    2. Khalife, J., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2021). Acquisition, Doppler tracking, and positioning with Starlink LEO satellites: First results. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(3), 2606–2610. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3127488
  121. ↵
    1. Nichols, H. A.,
    2. Murrian, M. J., &
    3. Humphreys, T. E.
    (2022). Software-defined GNSS is ready for launch. Proc. of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver, CO, 996–1013. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18313
  122. ↵
    1. Nicola, M.,
    2. Motella, B.,
    3. Pini, M., &
    4. Falletti, E.
    (2022). Galileo OSNMA public observation phase: Signal testing and validation. IEEE Access, 10, 27960–27969. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3157337
  123. ↵
    1. NTLAB, UAB
    . (2022). Unique ICs for GNSS Receivers. https://ntlab.lt/
  124. ↵
    1. O’Hanlon, B. W.,
    2. Psiaki, M. L.,
    3. Powell, S.,
    4. Bhatti, J. A.,
    5. Humphreys, T. E.,
    6. Crowley, G., &
    7. Bust, G. S.
    (2011). Cases: A smart, compact GPS software receiver for space weather monitoring. Proc. of the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2011), Portland, OR, 274–2753. https://doi.org/10.15781/T2N010949
  125. ↵
    1. Orabi, M.,
    2. Khalife, J., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2021). Opportunistic navigation with Doppler measurements from Iridium Next and Orbcomm LEO satellites. Proc. of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/AERO50100.2021.9438454
  126. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Dötterböck, D.,
    3. Gomez-Martinez, H.,
    4. Hammed, M. S.,
    5. Hörkner, F.,
    6. Kraus, T.,
    7. Maier, D.,
    8. Sanchez-Morales, D.,
    9. Schütz, A.,
    10. Klima, P., &
    11. Ebert, D.
    (2019). The multi-sensor navigation analysis tool (MuSNAT) – Architecture, LiDAR, GPU/CPU GNSS signal processing. Proc. of the 32nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2019), Miami, FL, 4087–4115. https://doi.org/10.33012/2019.17128
  127. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Eissfeller, B.,
    3. Hein, G.,
    4. Moon, S., &
    5. Sanroma, D.
    (2004). IPEXSR: A PC based software GNSS receiver completely developed in Europe. Proc. of the ELMAR-2010, Zadar, Croatia, 407–416. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5606128
  128. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Falk, N.,
    3. Riedl, B.,
    4. Hartmann, T.,
    5. Stangl, G., &
    6. Stöber, C.
    (2012). Software GNSS receiver: An answer for precise positioning research. GPS World, 23(9), 60–66. https://www.gpsworld.com/software-gnss-receiver-an-answer-for-precise-positioning-research/
  129. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Förster, F., &
    3. Eissfeller, B.
    (2004). Real-time processing and multipath mitigation of high-bandwidth L1/L2 GPS signals with a PC-based software receiver. Proc. of the 17th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2004), Long Beach, CA, 971–985. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5774
  130. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Kaniuth, R., &
    3. Eissfeller, B.
    (2005). Deep integration of navigation solution and signal processing. Proc. of the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2005), Long Beach, CA, 1095–1102. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6305
  131. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Moon, S. W.,
    3. Irsigler, M.,
    4. Eissfeller, B., &
    5. Fürlinger, K.
    (2003). Performance assessment of an under-sampling SWC receiver for simulated high-bandwidth GPS/Galileo signals and real signals. Proc. of the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GPS/GNSS 2003), Portland, OR, 103–116. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5187
  132. ↵
    1. Pany, T.,
    2. Riedl, B.,
    3. Winkel, J.,
    4. Wörz, T.,
    5. Schweikert, R.,
    6. Niedermeier, H.,
    7. Lagrasta, S.,
    8. López-Risueño, G., &
    9. Jiménez-Baños, D.
    (2009). Coherent integration time: The longer, the better. Inside GNSS, 4(6), 52–61. https://www.insidegnss.com/auto/novdec09-wp.pdf
  133. ↵
    1. Peng, S., &
    2. Morton, Y.
    (2011). A USRP2-based multi-constellation and multi-frequency GNSS software receiver for ionosphere scintillation studies. Proc. of the 2011 International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, 1033–1042. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=9551
  134. ↵
    1. Pesyna, K.,
    2. Kassas, Z.,
    3. Bhatti, J., &
    4. Humphreys, T.
    (2011). Tightly-coupled opportunistic navigation for deep urban and indoor positioning. Proc. of the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2011), Portland, OR, 3605–3616. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=9914
  135. ↵
    1. Pesyna, K. M., Jr.,
    2. Heath, R. W., Jr., &
    3. Humphreys, T. E.
    (2014). Centimeter positioning with a smartphone-quality GNSS antenna. Proc. of the 27th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Portland, OR, 1568–1577. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=12308
  136. ↵
    1. Pinell, C.
    (2021). Receiver architectures for positioning with low Earth orbit satellite signals [Unpublished Master’s thesis, Lulea University of Technology, School of Electrical Engineering]. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1638231/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  137. ↵
    1. Plotly
    . (2022). Plotly JSON chart schema. https://plotly.com/chart-studio-help/json-chart-schema/
  138. ↵
    1. PR Newswire
    . (2021). New trimble DA2 receiver boosts performance of trimble catalyst GNSS positioning service. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-trimble-da2-receiver-boosts-performance-of-trimble-catalyst-GNSS-positioning-service-301381160.html
  139. ↵
    1. Psiaki, M.
    (2006). Real-time generation of bit-wise parallel representations of over-sampled PRN codes. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 5(3), 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2006.1611075
  140. ↵
    1. Psiaki, M.,
    2. Humphreys, T.,
    3. Mohiuddin, S.,
    4. Powell, S.,
    5. Cerruti, A., &
    6. Kintner, P.
    (2006). Searching for Galileo. Proc. of the 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2006), Fort Worth, TX, 1567–1575. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=6973
  141. ↵
    1. Psiaki, M., &
    2. Slosman, B.
    (2022). Tracking digital FM OFDM signals for the determination of navigation observables. NAVIGATION, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.521
  142. ↵
    1. RF Micro Devices, Inc., Greensboro
    . (2006). RFMD announces availability of the RFMD(R) GPS RF8110 scalable GPS solution. https://ir.qorvo.com/node/12736/pdf
  143. ↵
    1. Rügamer, A.,
    2. Förster, F.,
    3. Stahl, M., &
    4. Rohmer, G.
    (2012). A flexible and portable multiband GNSS front-end system. Proc. of the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012), Nashville, TN, 2378–2389. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=10432
  144. ↵
    1. Rügamer, A.,
    2. Rubino, D.,
    3. Lukcin, I.,
    4. Taschke, S.,
    5. Stahl, M., &
    6. Felber, W.
    (2016). Secure position and time information by server side PRS snapshot processing. Proc. of the 29th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2016), Portland, OR, 3002–3017. https://doi.org/10.33012/2016.14781
  145. ↵
    1. Santana, G.,
    2. de Cristo, R., &
    3. Branco, K.
    (2021). Integrating cognitive radio with unmanned aerial vehicles: An overview. Sensors, 21(3), 830–856. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030830
  146. ↵
    1. Seco-Granados, G.,
    2. López-Salcedo, J. A.,
    3. Jiménez-Baños, D., &
    4. López-Risueño, G.
    (2012). Challenges in indoor global navigation satellite systems: Unveiling its core features in signal processing. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 29(2), 108–131. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2011.943410
  147. ↵
    1. Shamaei, K., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2018). LTE receiver design and multipath analysis for navigation in urban environments. NAVIGATION, 65(4), 655–675. https://doi.org/10.1002/navi.272
  148. ↵
    1. Shamaei, K., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2021a). A joint TOA and DOA acquisition and tracking approach for positioning with LTE signals. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 69, 2689–2705. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2021.3068920
  149. ↵
    1. Shamaei, K., &
    2. Kassas, Z.
    (2021b). Receiver design and time of arrival estimation for opportunistic localization with 5G signals. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 20(7), 4716–4731. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2021.3061985
  150. ↵
    1. Shamaei, K.,
    2. Khalife, J., &
    3. Kassas, Z.
    (2018). Exploiting LTE signals for navigation: Theory to implementation. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 17(4), 2173–2189. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2018.2789882
  151. ↵
    1. Snyder, C.,
    2. Feng, G., &
    3. Van Graas, F.
    (1999). GPS anomalous event monitor (GAEM). Proc. of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, Cambridge, MA, 185–189.
  152. ↵
    1. Söderholm, S.,
    2. Bhuiyan, M.,
    3. Thombre, S.,
    4. Ruotsalainen, L., &
    5. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2016). A multi-GNSS software-defined receiver: Design, implementation, and performance benefits. Annals of Telecommunications, 71, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-016-0518-7
  153. ↵
    1. Söderholm, S.,
    2. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    3. Ferrara, G.,
    4. Thombre, S., &
    5. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2022). A multi-GNSS software receiver. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 174–188. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.009
  154. ↵
    1. Soloviev, A.,
    2. Gunawardena, S., &
    3. Van Graas, F.
    (2004). Deeply integrated GPS/low-cost IMU for low CNR signal processing: Flight test results and real time implementation. Proc. of the 17th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2004), Long Beach, CA, 1598–1608. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=5840
  155. ↵
    1. Song, Y. J.,
    2. Lee, H. B., &
    3. Won, J. H.
    (2021). Design of multi-constellation and multi-frequency GNSS SDR with fully reconfigurable functionality. Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 10(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2021.10.2.91
  156. ↵
    1. Souli, N.,
    2. Kolios, P., &
    3. Ellinas, G.
    (2020). Relative positioning of autonomous systems using signals of opportunity. Proc. of the IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020), Antwerp, Belgium, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTC2020-Spring48590.2020.9128912
  157. ↵
    1. Souli, N.,
    2. Kolios, P., &
    3. Ellinas, G.
    (2021). Online relative positioning of autonomous vehicles using signals of opportunity. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 7(4), 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIV.2021.3124727
  158. ↵
    1. Souli, N.,
    2. Kolios, P., &
    3. Ellinas, G.
    (2022). Adaptive frequency band selection for accurate and fast positioning utilizing SOPs. Proc. of the International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 1309–1315. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUAS54217.2022.9836189
  159. ↵
    1. SPCOMNAV
    . (2019). Cloud GNSS Receiver. http://cloudGNSSrx.com
  160. ↵
    1. Stöber, C.,
    2. Anghileri, M.,
    3. Ayaz, A. S.,
    4. Dötterböck, D.,
    5. Krämer, I.,
    6. Kropp, V.,
    7. Won, J.-H.,
    8. Eissfeller, B.,
    9. Güixens, D. S., &
    10. Pany, T.
    (2010). ipexSR: A real-time multi-frequency software GNSS receiver. Proc. of the International Symposium on Electronics in Marine (ELMAR-2010), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 407–416. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5606128
    1. Takasu, T., &
    2. Yasuda, A.
    (2009). Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB. Proc. of the International symposium on GPS/GNSS, Jeju, Korea, Vol. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228811569
  162. ↵
    1. Tang, G., &
    2. Peng, A.
    (2022). 5G receiver design based on downlink intermittent signals tracking algorithm. Proc. of the China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC 2022), Beijing, China, 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2576-4_41
  163. ↵
    1. TeleOrbit GmbH
    . (2022). MGSE REC: GNSS radio frequency front-end. https://teleorbit.eu/en/satnav/mgse-rec/
  164. ↵
    1. Thombre, S.,
    2. Bhuiyan, M.,
    3. Söderholm, S.,
    4. Kirkko-Jaakkola, M.,
    5. Ruotsalainen, L., &
    6. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2015). A software multi-GNSS receiver implementation for the Indian regional navigation satellite system. IETE Journal of Research, 62(2), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2015.1093968
  165. ↵
    1. Thombre, S.,
    2. Bhuiyan, M. Z. H.,
    3. Söderholm, S., &
    4. Kuusniemi, H.
    (2022). NavIC L5 receiver processing. In K. Borre., I. Fernández-Hernández, J. A. López-Salcedo & M. Z. H. Bhuiyan (Eds.), GNSS software receivers, 164–173. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108934176.008
  166. ↵
    1. Trimble Inc
    . (2005). Trimble introduces future-ready GNSS positioning technology. https://investor.trimble.com/news-releases/news-release-details/trimble-introduces-future-ready-GNSS-positioning-technology
  167. ↵
    1. Trimble Inc
    . (2017). Trimble DA1 catalyst GNSS systems. https://geospatial.trimble.com/en/links?dcs=Collection-133515
  168. ↵
    1. Tsui, J. B.-Y.
    (2000). Fundamentals of Global Positioning System receivers: A software approach. Wiley-Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471200549
  169. ↵
  170. ↵
    1. van Diggelen, F.
    (2009). A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS. Artech House.
  171. ↵
    1. Wang, P.,
    2. Wang, Y., &
    3. Morton, J.
    (2022). Signal tracking algorithm with adaptive multipath mitigation and experimental results for LTE positioning receivers in urban environments. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 58(4), 2779–2795. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2021.3139569
  172. ↵
    1. Wikipedia
    . (2022). JSON streaming. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON_streaming
  173. ↵
    1. Wikipedia
    . (2023). GNSS software-defined receiver. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNSS_software-defined_receiver
  174. ↵
    1. Yang, C.,
    2. Arizabaleta-Diez, M.,
    3. Weitkemper, P., &
    4. Pany, T.
    (2022). An experimental analysis of cyclic and reference signals of 4G LTE for TOA estimation and positioning in mobile fading environments. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 37(9), 16–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2022.3186650
    1. Yang, C.,
    2. Nguyen, T., &
    3. Blasch, E.
    (2014). Mobile positioning via fusion of mixed signals of opportunity. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 29(4), 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAES.2013.130105
  176. ↵
    1. Yang, C., &
    2. Soloviev, A.
    (2018). Positioning with mixed signals of opportunity subject to multipath and clock errors in urban mobile fading environments. Proc. of the 31st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2018), Miami, FL, 223–243. https://doi.org/10.33012/2018.15833
  177. ↵
    1. Yang, C., &
    2. Soloviev, A.
    (2020). Mobile positioning with signals of opportunity in urban and urban canyon environments. Proc. of the IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Portland, OR, 1043–1059. https://doi.org/10.1109/PLANS46316.2020.9109876
  178. ↵
    1. Yoder, J. E., &
    2. Humphreys, T. E.
    (2023). Low-cost inertial aiding for deep-urban tightly-coupled multi-antenna precise GNSS. NAVIGATION, 70(1). https://doi.org/10.33012/navi.561
  179. ↵
    1. Zhang, X.
    (2022). GitHub - TMBOC/SoftGNSS: current working ver. of SoftGNSS v3.0 for GN3sV2, GN3sV3, NT1065EVK, and NUT4NT samplers. https://github.com/TMBOC/SoftGNSS
  180. ↵
    1. Zhao, C.,
    2. Qin, H., &
    3. Li, Z.
    (2022). Doppler measurements from multiconstellations in opportunistic navigation. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 71, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2022.3147315
  181. ↵
    1. Zhu, Z., &
    2. Van Graas, F.
    (2009). Earth-surface multipath detection and error modeling for aircraft GPS receivers. NAVIGATION, 56(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2009.tb00443.x
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
GNSS Software-Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, and Standardization Efforts
Thomas Pany, Dennis Akos, Javier Arribas, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Pau Closas, Fabio Dovis, Ignacio Fernandez-Hernandez, Carles Fernández–Prades, Sanjeev Gunawardena, Todd Humphreys, Zaher M. Kassas, José A. López Salcedo, Mario Nicola, Mark L. Psiaki, Alexander Rügamer, Young-Jin Song,, Jong-Hoon Won
NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation Mar 2024, 71 (1) navi.628; DOI: 10.33012/navi.628
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords