PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Tara Yasmin Mina,
AU  - Grace Xingxin Gao
TI  - Designing Low-Correlation GPS Spreading Codes with a Natural Evolution Strategy Machine-Learning Algorithm
AID  - 10.33012/navi.506
DP  - 2022 Mar 20
TA  - NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation
PG  - navi.506
VI  - 69
IP  - 1
4099  - https://navi.ion.org/content/69/1/navi.506.short
4100  - https://navi.ion.org/content/69/1/navi.506.full
SO  - NAVIGATION2022 Mar 20; 69
AB  - With the birth of the next-generation GPS III constellation and the upcoming launch of the Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3) testing platform to explore future technologies for GPS, we are indeed entering a new era of satellite navigation. Correspondingly, it is time to revisit the design methods of the GPS spreading code families. In this work, we develop a natural evolution strategy (NES) machine-learning algorithm with a Gaussian proposal distribution which constructs high-quality families of spreading code sequences. We minimize the maximum between the mean-squared auto-correlation and the mean-squared cross-correlation and demonstrate the ability of our algorithm to achieve better performance than well-chosen families of equal-length Gold codes and Weil codes, for sequences of up to length-1023 and length-1031 bits and family sizes of up to 31 codes. Furthermore, we compare our algorithm with an analogous genetic algorithm implementation assigned the same code evaluation metric. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first work to explore using a machine-learning approach for designing navigation spreading code sequences.