RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 The Role of Antennas on GNSS Pseudorange and Multipath Errors and Their Impact on DFMC Multipath Models for Avionics JF NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation JO NAVIGATION FD Institute of Navigation SP navi.532 DO 10.33012/navi.532 VO 69 IS 3 A1 Stefano Caizzone A1 Mihaela-Simona Circiu A1 Wahid Elmarissi A1 Christoph Enneking A1 Markus Rippl, A1 Matteo Sgammini YR 2022 UL https://navi.ion.org/content/69/3/navi.532.abstract AB Current satellite navigation systems are providing more and more dual-frequency capabilities, enabling improved navigation accuracy and a reduction of residual errors (e.g., from ionosphere). Recently, the aviation community has started an effort to achieve new standardized Minimum Operational Performance Specifications (MOPS) for GNSS equipment in order to allow for the use of dual-frequency multi-constellation (DFMC) systems in the future, with clear benefits in terms of obtainable navigation performance. In such conditions, residual errors introduced by the user GNSS antenna become even more relevant and need to be properly identified and bounded, both in antenna specifications and in the models for aircraft multipath. The present work investigates this problem and shows the results of an activity aiming at new airborne multipath models for L1/E1 and L5/E5a frequency bands and for their ionospheric-free combination. The paper outlines a detailed investigation of the physical rationale of such errors.