TY - JOUR T1 - Detecting GNSS Jamming and Spoofing on Android Devices JF - NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation JO - NAVIGATION DO - 10.33012/navi.537 VL - 69 IS - 3 SP - navi.537 AU - Nicholas Spens AU - Dong-Kyeong Lee AU - Filip Nedelkov, AU - Dennis Akos Y1 - 2022/09/21 UR - https://navi.ion.org/content/69/3/navi.537.abstract N2 - Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) location engines on Android devices provide location and navigation utility to billions of people worldwide. However, these location engines currently have very limited protection from threats to their position, navigation, and time (PNT) solutions. External sources of radio frequency interference (RFI) can render PNT information unusable. Even worse, false signals or spoofing can provide a false PNT solution to Android devices. To mitigate this, four detection methods were developed and evaluated using native location parameters within Android: Comparing the GNSS and network locations, checking the Android mock location flag, comparing the GNSS and Android system times, and observing the automatic gain control (AGC) and carrier-to-noise density (C/N0) signal metrics. These methods provide a powerful means to significantly increase the robustness of the Android GNSS-based PNT solution and are implemented in the GNSSAlarm Android application to demonstrate real-time jamming and spoofing detection. ER -