RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 A Consistent Regional Vertical Ionospheric Model and Application in PPP-RTK Under Sparse Networks JF NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation JO NAVIGATION FD Institute of Navigation SP navi.568 DO 10.33012/navi.568 VO 70 IS 3 A1 Lyu, Sijie A1 Xiang, Yan A1 Tang, Tiantian A1 Pei, Ling A1 Yu,, Wenxian A1 Truong, Trieu-Kien YR 2023 UL https://navi.ion.org/content/70/3/navi.568.abstract AB Ionospheric augmentation is one of the most important dependences of PPP-RTK. Because of the dispersive features of the ionosphere, the ionospheric information is usually coupled with satellite- and receiver-related biases. This will pose a hidden trouble of inconsistent ionospheric corrections if different numbers of reference stations are involved in calculation. In this paper, we aimed at introducing a consistent regional vertical ionospheric model (RVIM) by estimating receiver biases. We first presented the inconsistent ionospheric corrections under sparse networks. Then the RVIM is compared with the International GNSS Service (IGS) final global ionospheric map (GIM) product, and the average of differences between them is 1.13 TECU. Furthermore, the slant ionospheric corrections were employed as a reference to evaluate both RVIM and GIM. The mean RMS values are 1.48 and 2.23 TECU for the RVIM and GIM, respectively. Finally, we applied the RVIM into PPP-RTK. Results indicate that the PPP-RTK with RVIM constraints achieves improvements in horizontal errors, vertical errors, and convergence time by 43.45, 29.3, and 22.6% under the 68% confidence level, compared with the conventional PPP-AR.